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Present-day, noisy, small or intermediate-scale quantum processors---although far from fault-tolerant---support the execution of heuristic quantum algorithms, which might enable a quantum advantage, for example, when applied to…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a variational method for noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Quantifying performance bounds with respect to specific problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Travis S. Humble , Rebekah Herrman , James Ostrowski , George Siopsis

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) applies two Hamiltonians to a quantum system in alternation. The original goal of the algorithm was to drive the system close to the ground state of one of the Hamiltonians. This paper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-31 Seth Lloyd

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

Molecular docking is a critical process for drug discovery and challenging due to the complexity and size of biomolecular systems, where the optimal binding configuration of a drug to a target protein is determined. Hybrid classical-quantum…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Christos Papalitsas , Yanfei Guan , Shreyas Waghe , Athanasios Liakos , Ioannis Balatsos , Vassilios Pantazopoulos

We present a method that integrates any quantum algorithm capable of finding solutions to integer linear programs into the Branch-and-Price algorithm, which is regularly used to solve large-scale integer linear programs with a specific…

We present the mapping of a class of simplified air traffic management (ATM) problems (strategic conflict resolution) to quadratic unconstrained boolean optimization (QUBO) problems. The mapping is performed through an original…

Quantum variational algorithms have garnered significant interest recently, due to their feasibility of being implemented and tested on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices. We examine the robustness of the quantum approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-05 Yulong Dong , Xiang Meng , Lin Lin , Robert Kosut , K. Birgitta Whaley

Quantum computing holds transformative potential for optimizing large-scale drone fleet operations, yet its near-term limitations necessitate hybrid approaches blending classical and quantum techniques. This work introduces Quantum Unmanned…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-01 James B. Holliday , Darren Blount , Hoang Quan Nguyen , Samee U. Khan , Khoa Luu

Combinatorial optimization is widely regarded as a primary application for near-term quantum processors, although a definitive demonstration of the practical quantum advantage remains elusive. Recent studies have reported that both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Xian-Zhe Tao , Pavel Mosharev , Man-Hong Yung

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimisation problems. QAOA encodes solutions into the ground state of a Hamiltonian, approximated by a $p$-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 V Vijendran , Dax Enshan Koh , Eunok Bae , Hyukjoon Kwon , Ping Koy Lam , Syed M Assad

This paper studies quantum optimization baselines for the Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem (GTSP), a clustered routing problem that naturally models variant selection and sequencing problems under discrete alternatives. We propose a…

The Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading hybrid classical-quantum algorithm for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems. QAOA-in-QAOA (QAOA^2) uses a divide-and-conquer heuristic to solve large-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Aniello Esposito , Tamuz Danzig

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising Noisy Intermediate Quantum Algorithms (NISQ) in solving combinatorial optimizations and displays potential over classical heuristic techniques.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Arul Rhik Mazumder , Anuvab Sen , Udayon Sen

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a fundamental challenge in combinatorial optimization, widely applied in logistics and transportation. As the size of TSP instances grows, traditional algorithms often struggle to produce high-quality…

Quantum devices use qubits to represent information, which allows them to exploit important properties from quantum physics, specifically superposition and entanglement. As a result, quantum computers have the potential to outperform the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Abhijeet Ghoshal , Yan Li , Syam Menon , Sumit Sarkar

Quantum algorithm involves the manipulation of amplitudes and computational basis, of which manipulating basis is largely a quantum analogue of classical computing that is always a major contributor to the complexity. In order to make full…

The weighted MAX k-CUT problem consists of finding a k-partition of a given weighted undirected graph G(V,E) such that the sum of the weights of the crossing edges is maximized. The problem is of particular interest as it has a multitude of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-22 Franz Georg Fuchs , Herman Øie Kolden , Niels Henrik Aase , Giorgio Sartor

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

This study explores the implementation of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) in its analog form using a neutral atom quantum processing unit to solve the Maximum Independent Set problem. The analog QAOA leverages the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Simone Tibaldi , Lucas Leclerc , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi