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This paper develops a new perspective on parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) for LLMs, inspired by classical subspace minimization. We introduce a unifying framework, Parameter-Efficient Subspace Optimization (PESO), which recovers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Yuchen Lou , Zeqi Ye , Minshuo Chen

Large models represent a groundbreaking advancement in multiple application fields, enabling remarkable achievements across various tasks. However, their unprecedented scale comes with significant computational costs. These models, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Zeyu Han , Chao Gao , Jinyang Liu , Jeff Zhang , Sai Qian Zhang

Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods are proposed as an alternative fine-tuning approach for Large Language Models (LLM) to minimize high training costs. While prior research demonstrates the effectiveness of PEFT methods in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Amirreza Esmaeili , Iman Saberi , Fatemeh H. Fard

This review surveys the rapid evolution of Meta AI's LLaMA (Large Language Model Meta AI) series - from LLaMA 1 through LLaMA 4 and the specialized parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods developed for these models. We first describe…

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and other parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods provide low-memory, storage-efficient solutions for personalizing text-to-image models. However, these methods offer little to no improvement in wall-clock…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ethan Smith , Rami Seid , Alberto Hojel , Paramita Mishra , Jianbo Wu

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) is a popular method for tailoring pre-trained large language models (LLMs), especially as the models' scale and the diversity of tasks increase. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is based on the idea that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pengjie Ren , Chengshun Shi , Shiguang Wu , Mengqi Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Maarten de Rijke , Zhumin Chen , Jiahuan Pei

Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques have drawn significant attention due to their ability to yield competitive results while updating only a small portion of the adjustable parameters. However, existing PEFT methods pose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Muling Wu , Wenhao Liu , Xiaohua Wang , Tianlong Li , Changze Lv , Zixuan Ling , Jianhao Zhu , Cenyuan Zhang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to new tasks through fine-tuning has been made more efficient by the introduction of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, such as LoRA. However, these methods often underperform compared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Chunlin Tian , Zhan Shi , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li , Chengzhong Xu

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is crucial for improving their performance on downstream tasks, but full-parameter fine-tuning (Full-FT) is computationally expensive and memory-intensive. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Longteng Zhang , Lin Zhang , Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu , Bo Li

Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a popular Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning (PEFT) method that effectively adapts large pre-trained models for downstream tasks. LoRA parameterizes model updates using low-rank matrices at each layer,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ignacio Hounie , Charilaos Kanatsoulis , Arnuv Tandon , Alejandro Ribeiro

LoRA has become a universal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) technique that equips Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt quickly to new tasks. However, when these models are scaled up, even the latest LoRA variants still introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xindian Ma , Rundong Kong , Peng Zhang , Ruoxiang Huang , Yongyu Jiang

The entry of large language models (LLMs) into research and commercial spaces has led to a trend of ever-larger models, with initial promises of generalisability, followed by a widespread desire to downsize and create specialised models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Niall Taylor , Upamanyu Ghose , Omid Rohanian , Mohammadmahdi Nouriborji , Andrey Kormilitzin , David Clifton , Alejo Nevado-Holgado

Various parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques have been proposed to enable computationally efficient fine-tuning while maintaining model performance. However, existing PEFT methods are still limited by the growing number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yifan Yang , Jiajun Zhou , Ngai Wong , Zheng Zhang

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods are crucial for adapting large pre-trained models. Among these, LoRA is considered a foundational approach. Building on this, the influential DoRA method enhances performance by decomposing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Da Chang , Peng Xue , Yu Li , Yongxiang Liu , Pengxiang Xu , Shixun Zhang

Pre-trained language models, trained on large-scale corpora, demonstrate strong generalizability across various NLP tasks. Fine-tuning these models for specific tasks typically involves updating all parameters, which is resource-intensive.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Haoyu Wang , Tianci Liu , Ruirui Li , Monica Cheng , Tuo Zhao , Jing Gao

Large models such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence, powering applications in natural language processing, computer vision, and multimodal learning. However, fully…

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-and particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) for code-has reshaped Software Engineering (SE) by enabling the automation of tasks such as code generation, bug detection, and repair. However, these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Saima Afrin , Md Zahidul Haque , Antonio Mastropaolo

This paper introduces Quantum-PEFT that leverages quantum computations for parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). Unlike other additive PEFT methods, such as low-rank adaptation (LoRA), Quantum-PEFT exploits an underlying full-rank yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Toshiaki Koike-Akino , Francesco Tonin , Yongtao Wu , Frank Zhengqing Wu , Leyla Naz Candogan , Volkan Cevher

Fine-tuning large foundation models is essential for building expert models tailored to specialized tasks and domains, but fully updating billions of parameters is computationally prohibitive. Reducing the number of trainable parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Junseo Hwang , Wonguk Cho , Taesup Kim

Instruction tuning has become an important step for finetuning pretrained language models to better follow human instructions and generalize on various tasks. Nowadays, pretrained language models become increasingly larger, and full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Pengfei He