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This paper presents a coupled ring oscillator based Potts ma chine to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Potts model is a generalization of the Ising model, cap turing multivalued spins in contrast to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Baris Taskin

It has recently been shown that optical parametric oscillator (OPO) Ising machines, consisting of coupled optical pulses circulating in a cavity with parametric gain, can be used to probabilistically find low-energy states of Ising spin…

Finding the ground states of the Ising Hamiltonian [1] maps to various combinatorial optimization problems in biology, medicine, wireless communications, artificial intelligence, and social network. So far no efficient classical and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-30 Alireza Marandi , Zhe Wang , Kenta Takata , Robert L. Byer , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

Efficiently optimizing Nondeterministic Polynomial time (NP) problems in polynomial time has profound implications in many domains. CMOS oscillator networks have been shown to be effective and efficient in approximating certain NP-hard…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Wenxiao Cai , Zongru Li , Yu-Neng Wang , Sara Achour , Thomas H. Lee

Ising machines are purported to be better at solving large-scale combinatorial optimisation problems better than conventional von Neumann computers. However, these Ising machines are widely believed to be heuristics, whose promise is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-08 Sayantan Pramanik , Sourav Chatterjee , Harshkumar Oza

Combinatorial optimization problems are ubiquitous in industrial applications. However, finding optimal or close-to-optimal solutions can often be extremely hard. Because some of these problems can be mapped to the ground-state search of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Junpeng Hou , Amin Barzegar , Helmut G. Katzgraber

Ising machines, which are dynamical systems designed to operate in a parallel and iterative manner, have emerged as a new paradigm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Despite computational advantages, the quality of solutions…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-30 Shu Zhou , K. Y. Michael Wong , Juntao Wang , David Shui Wing Hui , Daniel Ebler , Jie Sun

Interest in non-algorithmic, unconventional computing is rising in recent years due to more and more apparent short comings of classic stored-program digital computers, such as energy efficiency, degree of parallelism in computations, clock…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Shrish Roy , Bernd Ulmann

The development of physical simulators, called Ising machines, that sample from low energy states of the Ising Hamiltonian has the potential to drastically transform our ability to understand and control complex systems. However, most of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-03-10 Timothee Leleu , Farad Khoyratee , Timothee Levi , Ryan Hamerly , Takashi Kohno , Kazuyuki Aihara

The Ising model, originally proposed a century ago, has become a cornerstone of combinatorial optimization in recent decades. However, Ising machines remain constrained by a fundamental hardware-speed trade-off. We introduce the Bounce-Bind…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Haiyang Zhang , Hao Wang , Rui Zhou , Sheng Chang

Ising Machines (IMs) are physical systems designed to find solutions to combinatorial optimization (CO) problems mapped onto the IM via the coupling strengths of its binary spins. Using the intrinsic dynamics and different annealing…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Afshin Houshang , Mohammad Zahedinejad , Shreyas Muralidhar , Jakub Checinski , Ahmad A. Awad , Johan Åkerman

Ising machines as hardware solvers of combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) can efficiently explore large solution spaces due to their inherent parallelism and physics-based dynamics. Many important COP classes such as satisfiability…

Ising solvers offer a promising physics-based approach to tackle the challenging class of combinatorial optimization problems. However, typical solvers operate in a quadratic energy space, having only pair-wise coupling elements which…

Ising machines exploit the natural dynamics of physical systems to minimize the Ising Hamiltonian and thereby address computationally hard combinatorial optimization problems. This paradigm has motivated a range of physical implementations.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Abir Hasan , Nikhil Shukla

The Ising machine is an unconventional computing architecture that can be used to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently than traditional von Neumann architectures. Fast, compact oscillator networks which provide…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-10-20 Brooke C. McGoldrick , Jonathan Z. Sun , Luqiao Liu

A parallel program together with the parallel hardware it is running on is not only a vehicle to solve numerical problems, it is also a complex system with interesting dynamical behavior: resynchronization and desynchronization of parallel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Ayesha Afzal , Georg Hager , Gerhard Wellein

Models of coupled oscillators are useful in describing a wide variety of phenomena in physics, biology and economics. These models typically rest on the premise that the oscillators are weakly coupled, meaning that amplitudes can be assumed…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2018-12-18 Erik D. Fagerholm , Rosalyn J. Moran , Inês R. Violante , Robert Leech , Karl J. Friston

Physical systems that naturally perform energy descent offer a direct route to accelerating machine learning. Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) exemplify this idea: their GHz-frequency dynamics mirror both the optimization of energy-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Alex Gower

Networks of optical oscillators simulating coupled Ising spins have been recently proposed as a heuristic platform to solve hard optimization problems. These networks, called coherent Ising machines (CIMs), exploit the fact that the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Davide Pierangeli , Claudio Conti

The quest to solve hard combinatorial optimization problems efficiently -- still a longstanding challenge for traditional digital computers -- has inspired the exploration of many alternate computing models and platforms. As a case in…