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We observed Jupiter at wavelengths near 2 cm with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in February 2015. These frequencies are mostly sensitive to variations in ammonia abundance and probe between ~0.5-2.0 bars of pressure in Jupiter's…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-01-23 Richard Cosentino , Bryan Butler , Bob Sault , Raul Morales-Juberias , Amy Simon , Imke de Pater

Heavy elements, even though its smaller constituent, are crucial to understand Jupiter formation history. Interior models are used to determine the amount of heavy elements in Jupiter interior, nevertheless this range is still subject to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-12-14 Yamila Miguel , Tristan Guillot , Lucile Fayon

The high-precision Juno gravitational measurements allow us to infer the structure of Jupiter's deep atmospheric zonal flow. Since this inference is nonunique, it is important to explore the space of possible solutions. In this paper, we…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-03 Laura Kulowski , Hao Cao , Rakesh K. Yadav , Jeremy Bloxham

Interior models of giant planets traditionally assume that at a given radius (i.e. pressure) the density should be larger than or equal to the one corresponding to a homogeneous, adiabatic stratification throughout the planet (referred to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-09 F. Debras , G. Chabrier , D. Stevenson

The internal structure of gas giant planets may be more complex than the commonly assumed core-envelope structure with an adiabatic temperature profile. Different primordial internal structures as well as various physical processes can lead…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-10-05 A. Vazan , R. Helled , M. Podolak , A. Kovetz

Hydrogen-helium mixtures at conditions of Jupiter's interior are studied with first-principles computer simulations. The resulting equation of state (EOS) implies that Jupiter possesses a central core of 14-18 Earth masses of heavier…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 B. Militzer , W. B. Hubbard , J. Vorberger , I. Tamblyn , S. A. Bonev

Motivated by recent spectroscopic observations suggesting that atmospheres of some extrasolar giant-planets are carbon-rich, i.e. carbon/oxygen ratio (C/O) $\ge$ 1, we find that the whole set of compositional data for Jupiter is consistent…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Olivier Mousis , Jonathan I. Lunine , Nikku Madhusudhan , Torrence V. Johnson

The Juno mission has provided an accurate determination of Jupiter's gravitational field, which has been used to obtain information about the planet's composition and internal structure. Several models of Jupiter's structure that fit the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-07-17 Shang-Fei Liu , Yasunori Hori , Simon Müller , Xiaochen Zheng , Ravit Helled , Doug Lin , Andrea Isella

Oxygen is the most common element after hydrogen and helium in Jupiter's atmosphere, and may have been the primary condensable (as water ice) in the protoplanetary disk. Prior to the Juno mission, in situ measurements of Jupiter's water…

Noble gases are accreted to the giant planets as part of the gas component of the planet-forming disk. While heavier noble gases can separate from the evolution of the hydrogen-rich gas, helium is thought to remain at the protosolar H/He…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-25 N. Nettelmann , M. Cano Amoros , N. Tosi , J. J. Fortney , R. Helled

The intriguing circumpolar cyclone pattern at Jupiter's poles raises fundamental questions about how these systems are organized vertically and, further, how the planet's internal heat shapes and sustains them in the absence of solar…

We present a model explaining elemental enrichments in Jupiter's atmosphere, particularly the noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe. While He, Ne and O are depleted, seven other elements show similar enrichments ($\sim$3 times solar, relative to H).…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Nikhil Monga , Steven Desch

Recent JWST observations of the sub-Neptune GJ 1214 b suggest that it hosts a high-metallicity (>100x solar), hazy atmosphere. Emission spectra of the planet show molecular absorption features, most likely due to atmospheric H2O. In light…

For solar-system objects, ultraviolet spectroscopy has been critical in identifying sources for stratospheric heating and measuring the abundances of a variety of hydrocarbon and sulfur-bearing species, produced via photochemical…

Interior models of Jupiter and Saturn are calculated and compared in the framework of the three-layer assumption, which rely on the perception that both planets consist of three globally homogeneous regions: a dense core, a metallic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Tristan Guillot

The internal structure of Jupiter is constrained by the precise gravity field measurements by NASA's Juno mission, atmospheric data from the Galileo entry probe, and Voyager radio occultations. Not only are these observations few compared…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-10 Maayan Ziv , Eli Galanti , Saburo Howard , Tristan Guillot , Yohai Kaspi

It has been proposed that the enrichment in noble gases found by Galileo in Jupiter's atmosphere can be explained by their delivery inside cold planetesimals. We propose instead that this is a sign that the planet formed in a chemically…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tristan Guillot , Ricardo Hueso

The amount and distribution of heavy elements in Jupiter gives indications on the process of its formation and evolution. Core mass and metallicity predictions however depend on the equations of state used, and on model assumptions. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-05-04 Nadine Nettelmann , Andreas Becker , Bastian Holst , Ronald Redmer

Hot Jupiter atmospheres exhibit fast, weakly-ionized winds. The interaction of these winds with the planetary magnetic field generates drag on the winds and leads to ohmic dissipation of the induced electric currents. We study the magnitude…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Rosalba Perna , Kristen Menou , Emily Rauscher

Jupiter's atmosphere is enriched in C, N, S, P, Ar, Kr and Xe with respect to solar abundances by a factor of ~3. Gas Giant envelopes are mainly enriched through the dissolution of solids in the atmosphere, and this constant enrichment…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-11-06 Karin I. Oberg , Robin Wordsworth