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Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad- CAM), is an example-based explanation method that provides a gradient activation heat map as an explanation for Convolution Neural Network (CNN) models. The drawback of this method is that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Tanmay Chakraborty , Utkarsh Trehan , Khawla Mallat , Jean-Luc Dugelay

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a widely used deep learning architecture for computer vision. However, its black box nature makes it difficult to interpret the behavior of the model. To mitigate this issue, AI practitioners have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Seok-Yong Byun , Wonju Lee

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a commonly used technique for brain tumor segmentation, which is critical for evaluating patients and planning treatment. To make the labeling process less laborious and dependent on expertise,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yu-Jen Chen , Yiyu Shi , Tsung-Yi Ho

Interpreting complex deep networks, notably pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), is a formidable challenge. Current Class Activation Map (CAM) methods highlight regions revealing the model's decision-making basis but lack clear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Linlin Yang , Bo Fan , Jilong Zhong , Juan Zhang , Baochang Zhang

Class activation maps are widely used for explaining deep neural networks. Due to its ability to highlight regions of interest, it has evolved in recent years as a key step in weakly supervised learning. A major limitation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Hang-Cheng Dong , Yuhao Jiang , Yingyan Huang , Jingxiao Liao , Bingguo Liu , Dong Ye , Guodong Liu

Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Mohammed Bany Muhammad , Mohammed Yeasin

Over the last decade, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models have been highly successful in solving complex vision problems. However, these deep models are perceived as "black box" methods considering the lack of understanding of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Aditya Chattopadhyay , Anirban Sarkar , Prantik Howlader , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Class Activation Maps (CAMs) are one of the important methods for visualizing regions used by deep learning models. Yet their robustness to different noise remains underexplored. In this work, we evaluate and report the resilience of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Syamantak Sarkar , Revoti P. Bora , Bhupender Kaushal , Sudhish N George , Kiran Raja

Neural networks are becoming increasingly better at tasks that involve classifying and recognizing images. At the same time techniques intended to explain the network output have been proposed. One such technique is the Gradient-based Class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Mirtha Lucas , Miguel Lerma , Jacob Furst , Daniela Raicu

Class activation map (CAM) has been widely used to highlight image regions that contribute to class predictions. Despite its simplicity and computational efficiency, CAM often struggles to identify discriminative regions that distinguish…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Ziheng Zhang , Jianyang Gu , Arpita Chowdhury , Zheda Mai , David Carlyn , Tanya Berger-Wolf , Yu Su , Wei-Lun Chao

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success across domains but remain difficult to interpret, limiting their trustworthiness in high-stakes applications. This paper focuses on deep vision models, for which a dominant line…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Qiming Zhao , Xingjian Li , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaolong Wu , Min Xu

This paper presents a tutorial of an explainable approach using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to classify four progressive dementia stages based on open MRI brain images. The…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-21 Kevin Kam Fung Yuen

Fine-grained visual classification (FGVC) is becoming an important research field, due to its wide applications and the rapid development of computer vision technologies. The current state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in the FGVC usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Shuai Xu , Dongliang Chang , Jiyang Xie , Zhanyu Ma

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) has been widely adopted to generate saliency maps which provides visual explanations for deep neural networks (DNNs). The saliency maps are conventionally generated by fusing the channels of the target feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Guangwu Qian , Zhen-Qun Yang , Xu-Lu Zhang , Yaowei Wang , Qing Li , Xiao-Yong Wei

In this paper, we propose an efficient saliency map generation method, called Group score-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Group-CAM), which adopts the "split-transform-merge" strategy to generate saliency maps. Specifically, for an input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Qinglong Zhang , Lu Rao , Yubin Yang

We present Smooth Grad-CAM++, a technique which combines two recent techniques: SMOOTHGRAD and Grad-CAM++. Smooth Grad-CAM++ has the capability of either visualizing a layer, subset of feature maps, or subset of neurons within a feature map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Daniel Omeiza

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have recently gained much attention for weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) tasks. They allow for CNN visualization and interpretation without training on fully annotated image datasets. CAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Soufiane Belharbi , Aydin Sarraf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

The generalization performance of deep neural networks (DNNs) is a critical factor in achieving robust model behavior on unseen data. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of sharpness-based measures in promoting generalization by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Mohamed Hassan , Aleksandar Vakanski , Boyu Zhang , Min Xian

Accurate segmentation of the fetal brain from Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) is important for prenatal assessment of fetal development. Although deep learning has shown the potential to achieve this task, it requires a large fine annotated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Jia Fu , Tao Lu , Shaoting Zhang , Guotai Wang