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Memorization in large language models (LLMs) makes them vulnerable to data extraction attacks. While pre-training memorization has been extensively studied, fewer works have explored its impact in fine-tuning, particularly for LoRA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Fei Wang , Baochun Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks, but their tendency to memorize training data poses significant privacy risks, particularly during fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Badrinath Ramakrishnan , Akshaya Balaji

We explore a knowledge sanitization approach to mitigate the privacy concerns associated with large language models (LLMs). LLMs trained on a large corpus of Web data can memorize and potentially reveal sensitive or confidential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yoichi Ishibashi , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

Language Models (LMs) typically adhere to a "pre-training and fine-tuning" paradigm, where a universal pre-trained model can be fine-tuned to cater to various specialized domains. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained the most widespread…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Delong Ran , Xinlei He , Tianshuo Cong , Anyu Wang , Qi Li , Xiaoyun Wang

While large language models (LLMs) such as Llama-2 or GPT-4 have shown impressive zero-shot performance, fine-tuning is still necessary to enhance their performance for customized datasets, domain-specific tasks, or other private needs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Chia-Yi Hsu , Yu-Lin Tsai , Chih-Hsun Lin , Pin-Yu Chen , Chia-Mu Yu , Chun-Ying Huang

Fine-tuning helps large language models (LLM) recover degraded information and enhance task performance. Although Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used and effective for fine-tuning, we have observed that its scaling factor can limit or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jun Liu , Zhenglun Kong , Peiyan Dong , Changdi Yang , Xuan Shen , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Geng Yuan , Wei Niu , Wenbin Zhang , Xue Lin , Dong Huang , Yanzhi Wang

Low rank adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a prominent technique for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) thanks to its superb efficiency gains over previous methods. While extensive studies have examined the performance and structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Ronghua Li

This study examines whether Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) fine-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) can approximate the performance of fully fine-tuned models in generating human-interpretable decisions and explanations for malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Stephen C. Gravereaux , Sheikh Rabiul Islam

We primarily focus on the field of large language models (LLMs) for recommendation, which has been actively explored recently and poses a significant challenge in effectively enhancing recommender systems with logical reasoning abilities…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Jiachen Zhu , Jianghao Lin , Xinyi Dai , Bo Chen , Rong Shan , Jieming Zhu , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large language models, but it is notably ineffective at removing backdoor behaviors from poisoned pretrained models when fine-tuning on clean dataset. Contrary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hoang-Chau Luong , Lingwei Chen

Recent advancements in training paradigms for Large Language Models (LLMs) have unlocked their remarkable capabilities in natural language processing and cross-domain generalization. While LLMs excel in tasks like programming and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuan Huang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with high parameter efficiency for downstream tasks has become a new paradigm. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters for fine-tuning. Although it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Jia-Chen Zhang , Yu-Jie Xiong , He-Xi Qiu , Dong-Hai Zhu , Chun-Ming Xia

Fine-tuning on open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) with proprietary data is now a standard practice for downstream developers to obtain task-specific LLMs. Surprisingly, we reveal a new and concerning risk along with the practice: the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhexin Zhang , Yuhao Sun , Junxiao Yang , Shiyao Cui , Yuanchao Zhang , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is one of the most widely used techniques for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs). By introducing a small number of trainable low-rank weight matrices, LoRA substantially reduces the number of parameters that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Seokmin Ko

This study investigates the mechanisms and factors influencing memorization in fine-tuned large language models (LLMs), with a focus on the medical domain due to its privacy-sensitive nature. We examine how different aspects of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Danil Savine

We study and quantify the problem of forgetting when fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) on a downstream task. We find that parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) strategies, such as Low-Rank Adapters (LoRA), still suffer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Damjan Kalajdzievski

Fine-tuning text-to-image diffusion models is widely used for personalization and adaptation for new domains. In this paper, we identify a critical vulnerability of fine-tuning: safety alignment methods designed to filter harmful content…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Sanghyun Kim , Moonseok Choi , Jinwoo Shin , Juho Lee

Background: Leaking sensitive information - such as API keys, tokens, and credentials - in source code remains a persistent security threat. Traditional regex and entropy-based tools often generate high false positives due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Md Nafiu Rahman , Sadif Ahmed , Zahin Wahab , S M Sohan , Rifat Shahriyar

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on many tasks is greatly limited by the knowledge learned during pre-training and stored in the model's parameters. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a popular and efficient training technique for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sergey Pletenev , Maria Marina , Daniil Moskovskiy , Vasily Konovalov , Pavel Braslavski , Alexander Panchenko , Mikhail Salnikov

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a widely-used parameter-efficient finetuning method for large language models. LoRA saves memory by training only low rank perturbations to selected weight matrices. In this work, we compare the performance of…

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