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A significant amount of the world's knowledge is stored in relational databases. However, the ability for users to retrieve facts from a database is limited due to a lack of understanding of query languages such as SQL. We propose Seq2SQL,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Victor Zhong , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher

Executable SQL generation is typically studied in text-to-SQL settings, where tables are provided as fully linearized textual schemas and contents. While effective, this formulation assumes access to structured text and incurs substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Sifan Li , Hongkai Chen , Yujun Cai , Liyang Chen , Qingwen Ye , Yiwei Wang

Grading SQL queries can be a time-consuming, tedious and challenging task, especially as the number of student submissions increases. Several systems have been introduced in an attempt to mitigate these challenges, but those systems have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Donald R. Schwartz , Pablo Rivas

In text-to-SQL task, seq-to-seq models often lead to sub-optimal performance due to limitations in their architecture. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective approach that adapts transformer-based seq-to-seq model to robust…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Kuan Xu , Yongbo Wang , Yongliang Wang , Zujie Wen , Yang Dong

Text-to-SQL generation bridges the gap between natural language and databases, enabling users to query data without requiring SQL expertise. While large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field, challenges remain in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ganesh Parab , Zishan Ahmad , Dagnachew Birru

Database research and development rely heavily on realistic user workloads for benchmarking, instance optimization, migration testing, and database tuning. However, acquiring real-world SQL queries is notoriously challenging due to strict…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhengle Wang , Yanfei Zhang , Chunwei Liu

Converting text into the structured query language (Text2SQL) is a research hotspot in the field of natural language processing (NLP), which has broad application prospects. In the era of big data, the use of databases has penetrated all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ran Shen , Gang Sun , Hao Shen , Yiling Li , Liangfeng Jin , Han Jiang

Text-to-SQL enables non-experts to retrieve data from databases by converting natural language queries into SQL. However, state-of-the-art text-to-SQL studies rely on the BIRD dataset, which assumes that evidence is provided along with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Janghyeon Yun , Sang-goo Lee

We explore using T5 (Raffel et al. (2019)) to directly translate natural language questions into SQL statements. General purpose natural language that interfaces to information stored within databases requires flexibly translating natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Ning Li , Bethany Keller , Mark Butler , Daniel Cer

Text-to-SQL aims to automate the process of generating SQL queries on a database from natural language text. In this work, we propose "SQLPrompt", tailored to improve the few-shot prompting capabilities of Text-to-SQL for Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Ruoxi Sun , Sercan Ö. Arik , Rajarishi Sinha , Hootan Nakhost , Hanjun Dai , Pengcheng Yin , Tomas Pfister

Text-to-SQL, a pivotal natural language processing (NLP) task that converts textual queries into executable SQL, has seen substantial progress in recent years. However, existing evaluation and reward mechanisms used to train and assess the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guifeng Wang , Yuanfeng Song , Meng Yang , Tao Zhu , Xiaoming Yin , Xing Chen

Modern Text-to-SQL systems generate multiple candidate SQL queries and rank them to judge a final prediction. However, existing methods face two limitations. First, they often score functionally equivalent SQL queries inconsistently despite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Hojae Han , Yeonseok Jeong , Seung-won Hwang , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Text-to-SQL models can generate a list of candidate SQL queries, and the best query is often in the candidate list, but not at the top of the list. An effective re-rank method can select the right SQL query from the candidate list and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Zhenwen Li , Tao Xie

We present a sequence-to-action parsing approach for the natural language to SQL task that incrementally fills the slots of a SQL query with feasible actions from a pre-defined inventory. To account for the fact that typically there are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Tianze Shi , Kedar Tatwawadi , Kaushik Chakrabarti , Yi Mao , Oleksandr Polozov , Weizhu Chen

Text-to-SQL transforms the user queries from natural language to executable SQL programs, enabling non-experts to interact with complex databases. Existing prompt-based methods craft meticulous text guidelines and examples to facilitate SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yongdong chi , Hanqing Wang , Zonghan Yang , Jian Yang , Xiao Yan , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Text-to-SQL translates natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL) commands, enabling users to interact with databases using natural language. Essentially, the text-to-SQL task is a text generation task, and its…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaohu Zhu , Qian Li , Lizhen Cui , Yongkang Liu

In this work, we study the problem of code generation with a large language model (LLM), with a focus on generating SQL queries from natural language questions. We ask: Instead of using supervised fine tuning with text-code pairs, can we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Atharv Kulkarni , Vivek Srikumar

Recent advancements in Text-to-SQL, driven by large language models, are democratizing data access. Despite these advancements, enterprise deployments remain challenging due to the need to capture business-specific knowledge, handle complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Karime Maamari , Connor Landy , Amine Mhedhbi

Transforming natural language into SQL queries (NL2SQL) is crucial for data-driven business applications. Existing frameworks, trained on open-source datasets, struggle with complex business logic and lack domain-specific data for…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Song Cheng , Qiannan Cheng , Linbo Jin , Lei Yi , Guannan Zhang

Formal query generation aims to generate correct executable queries for question answering over knowledge bases (KBs), given entity and relation linking results. Current approaches build universal paraphrasing or ranking models for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Jiwei Ding , Wei Hu , Qixin Xu , Yuzhong Qu