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Related papers: Bayesian Predictive Coding

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Backpropagation has rapidly become the workhorse credit assignment algorithm for modern deep learning methods. Recently, modified forms of predictive coding (PC), an algorithm with origins in computational neuroscience, have been shown to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Umais Zahid , Qinghai Guo , Zafeirios Fountas

Predictive coding (PC) is a brain-inspired local learning algorithm that has recently been suggested to provide advantages over backpropagation (BP) in biologically relevant scenarios. While theoretical work has mainly focused on showing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Francesco Innocenti , Ryan Singh , Christopher L. Buckley

Predictive coding (PC) is an influential computational model of visual learning and inference in the brain. Classical PC was proposed as a top-down generative model, where the brain actively predicts upcoming visual inputs, and inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Gaspard Oliviers , Mufeng Tang , Rafal Bogacz

A large amount of recent research has the far-reaching goal of finding training methods for deep neural networks that can serve as alternatives to backpropagation (BP). A prominent example is predictive coding (PC), which is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Luca Pinchetti , Tommaso Salvatori , Yordan Yordanov , Beren Millidge , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Backpropagation (BP) is the standard algorithm for training the deep neural networks that power modern artificial intelligence including large language models. However, BP is energy inefficient and unlikely to be implemented by the brain.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Francesco Innocenti

This paper presents a new learning algorithm, termed Deep Bi-directional Predictive Coding (DBPC) that allows developing networks to simultaneously perform classification and reconstruction tasks using the same weights. Predictive Coding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Senhui Qiu , Saugat Bhattacharyya , Damien Coyle , Shirin Dora

Predictive coding (PC) is an influential theory in computational neuroscience, which argues that the cortex forms unsupervised world models by implementing a hierarchical process of prediction error minimization. PC networks (PCNs) are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Beren Millidge , Yuhang Song , Tommaso Salvatori , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Predictive Coding (PC) offers a brain-inspired alternative to backpropagation for neural network training, described as a physical system minimizing its internal energy. However, in practice, PC is predominantly digitally simulated,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Cédric Goemaere , Gaspard Oliviers , Rafal Bogacz , Thomas Demeester

Predictive coding (PC) is a general theory of cortical function. The local, gradient-based learning rules found in one kind of PC model have recently been shown to closely approximate backpropagation. This finding suggests that this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Nick Alonso , Emre Neftci

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming one of the key technologies of this century. The majority of results in AI thus far have been achieved using deep neural networks trained with a learning algorithm called error…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Tommaso Salvatori , Ankur Mali , Christopher L. Buckley , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rajesh P. N. Rao , Karl Friston , Alexander Ororbia

Predictive coding (PC) accounts of perception now form one of the dominant computational theories of the brain, where they prescribe a general algorithm for inference and learning over hierarchical latent probabilistic models. Despite this,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Umais Zahid , Qinghai Guo , Karl Friston , Zafeirios Fountas

Predictive coding (PC) is a biologically plausible alternative to standard backpropagation (BP) that minimises an energy function with respect to network activities before updating weights. Recent work has improved the training stability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Francesco Innocenti , El Mehdi Achour , Rafal Bogacz

Predictive Coding (PC) is an influential account of cortical learning. Much of recent work has focused on comparing PC to Backpropagation (BP) to find whether PC offers any advantages. Small scale experiments show that PC enables learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Gaspard Oliviers , Elene Lominadze , Rafal Bogacz

Predictive coding (PC) offers a local and biologically grounded alternative to backpropagation in the training of artificial neural networks, yet to date, it remains slower, and performance degrades sharply as network depth increases. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Aleksandrs Baskakovs , Sylvain Estebe , Kenneth Enevoldsen , Kristoffer Nielbo , Chris Mathys , Nicolas Legrand

Unexpected stimuli induce "error" or "surprise" signals in the brain. The theory of predictive coding promises to explain these observations in terms of Bayesian inference by suggesting that the cortex implements variational inference in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-18 Eli Sennesh , Hao Wu , Tommaso Salvatori

The success of deep learning requires large datasets and extensive training, which can create significant computational challenges. To address these challenges, pseudo-coresets, small learnable datasets that mimic the entire data, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Hyungi Lee , Seungyoo Lee , Juho Lee

Backpropagation (BP) of errors is the backbone training algorithm for artificial neural networks (ANNs). It updates network weights through gradient descent to minimize a loss function representing the mismatch between predictions and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-13 Davide Casnici , Charlotte Frenkel , Justin Dauwels

Deep learning has redefined the field of artificial intelligence (AI) thanks to the rise of artificial neural networks, which are architectures inspired by their neurological counterpart in the brain. Through the years, this dualism between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz , Zhenghua Xu

In recent years, research unveiled more and more evidence for the so-called Bayesian Brain Paradigm, i.e. the human brain is interpreted as a probabilistic inference machine and Bayesian modelling approaches are hence used successfully. One…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Kevin Jasberg , Sergej Sizov

Predictive coding networks (PCNs) are an influential model for information processing in the brain. They have appealing theoretical interpretations and offer a single mechanism that accounts for diverse perceptual phenomena of the brain. On…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz , Zhenghua Xu
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