English
Related papers

Related papers: A Practical Rollup Escape Hatch Design

200 papers

A big challenge posed in blockchain centric platforms is achieving scalability while also preserving user privacy. This report details the design, implementation and evaluation of a Layer-2 scaling solution for Hyperledger Fabric using Zero…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sania Siddiqui , Neha , Hari Babu K

Scalability is a common issue among the most used permissionless blockchains, and several approaches have been proposed accordingly. As Ethereum is set to be a solid foundation for a decentralized Internet web, the need for tackling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Mikel Cortes-Goicoechea , Luca Franceschini , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

A growing number of products use layer 2 solutions to expand the capabilities of primary blockchains like Ethereum, where computation is off-loaded from the root chain, and the results are published to it in bulk. Those include optimistic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yogev Bar-On , Yishay Mansour

Public blockchains like Ethereum use Merkle trees to verify transactions received from untrusted servers before applying them to the blockchain. We empirically show that the low throughput of such blockchains is due to the I/O bottleneck…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Soujanya Ponnapalli , Aashaka Shah , Amy Tai , Souvik Banerjee , Vijay Chidambaram , Dahlia Malkhi , Michael Wei

The growing scalability demand of public Blockchains led to the rise of Layer-2 solutions, such as Rollups. Rollups improve transaction throughput by processing operations off-chain and posting the results on-chain. A critical component in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Giovanni Maria Cristiano , Salvatore D'Antonio , Jonah Giglio , Giovanni Mazzeo , Luigi Romano

Blockchains have revolutionized decentralized applications, with composability enabling atomic, trustless interactions across smart contracts. However, layer 2 (L2) scalability solutions like rollups introduce fragmentation and hinder…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Ioannis Kaklamanis , Fan Zhang

Today's blockchains suffer from low throughput and high latency, which impedes their widespread adoption of more complex applications like smart contracts. In this paper, we propose a novel paradigm for smart contract execution. It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jian Liu , Peilun Li , Raymond~Cheng , N. Asokan , Dawn Song

Blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum execute payment transactions securely, but their performance is limited by the need for global consensus. Payment networks overcome this limitation through off-chain transactions. Instead of writing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Joshua Lind , Oded Naor , Ittay Eyal , Florian Kelbert , Peter Pietzuch , Emin Gun Sirer

Sharding is a way to address scalability problem in blockchain technologies. Ethereum, a prominent blockchain technology, has included sharding in its roadmap to increase its throughput. The plan is also to include multiple execution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Raghavendra Ramesh

A smart grid is an important application in Industry 4.0 with a lot of new technologies and equipment working together. Hence, sensitive data stored in the smart grid is vulnerable to malicious modification and theft. This paper proposes a…

Accountability, the ability to provably identify protocol violators, gained prominence as the main economic argument for the security of proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols. Rollups, the most popular scaling solution for blockchains, typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ertem Nusret Tas , John Adler , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Ismail Khoffi , David Tse , Nima Vaziri

The rise of smart contract systems such as Ethereum has resulted in a proliferation of blockchain-based decentralized applications including applications that store and manage a wide range of data. Current smart contracts are designed to be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Chao Li , Balaji Palanisamy , Runhua Xu

Achieving the equilibrium between scalability, sustainability, and security while keeping decentralization has prevailed as the target solution for decentralized blockchain applications over the last years. Several approaches have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Mikel Cortes-Goicoechea , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

Bitcoin rise has put blockchain technology into the mainstream, amplifying its potential and broad utility. While Bitcoin has become incredibly famous, its transaction rate has not match such a corresponding increase. It still takes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Han Song , Zhongche Qu , Yihao Wei

Blockchain systems, such as Ethereum, are increasingly adopting layer-2 scaling solutions to improve transaction throughput and reduce fees. One popular layer-2 approach is the Optimistic Rollup, which relies on a mechanism known as a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Suhyeon Lee

Layer 2 (L2) protocols, payment channels, sidechains, and rollups, are central to blockchain scalability, enabling off-chain execution while preserving on-chain security. Despite growing deployment, existing security models remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zeta Avarikioti , Matteo Maffei , Yuheng Wang

As the largest blockchain platform that supports smart contracts, Ethereum has developed with an incredible speed. Yet due to the anonymity of blockchain, the popularity of Ethereum has fostered the emergence of various illegal activities…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Qishuang Fu , Dan Lin , Yiyue Cao , Jiajing Wu

The thesis addresses the problem of scalability in decentralized blockchains in the context of the trade-off between transaction throughput and hardware requirements to participate in the network. Rollups are presented, that is technologies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Luca Donno

Blockchain technology enhances transparency by maintaining a distributed ledger among mutually untrusting parties. Despite its advantages, scalability and availability remain critical bottlenecks that hinder widespread adoption. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Manaswini Piduguralla , Souvik Sarkar , Arunmoezhi Ramachandran , Sathya Peri

The emergence of decentralized finance has transformed asset trading on the blockchain, making traditional financial instruments more accessible while also introducing a series of exploitative economic practices known as Maximal Extractable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Christof Ferreira Torres , Albin Mamuti , Ben Weintraub , Cristina Nita-Rotaru , Shweta Shinde