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The scaling of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized their capabilities in various tasks, yet this growth must be matched with efficient computational strategies. The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture stands out for its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Zihan Qiu , Zeyu Huang , Shuang Cheng , Yizhi Zhou , Zili Wang , Ivan Titov , Jie Fu

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance on diverse downstream and domain-specific tasks via parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). However, existing PEFT methods, particularly MoE-LoRA architectures, suffer from limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jie Cao , Zhenxuan Fan , Zhuonan Wang , Tianwei Lin , Ziyuan Zhao , Rolan Yan , Wenqiao Zhang , Feifei Shao , Hongwei Wang , Jun Xiao , Siliang Tang

The recent surge in Large Language Models (LLMs) has garnered significant attention across numerous fields. Fine-tuning is often required to fit general LLMs for a specific domain, like the web-based healthcare system. However, two problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Qidong Liu , Xian Wu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yuanshao Zhu , Derong Xu , Feng Tian , Yefeng Zheng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale neural networks by conditionally activating a small subset of experts, where the router plays a central role in determining expert specialization and overall model performance. However, many modern MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Minghao Yang , Ren Togo , Guang Li , Takahiro Ogawa , Miki Haseyama

Instruction finetuning on a variety of image-text instruction data is the key to obtaining a versatile Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM), and different configurations of the instruction data can lead to finetuned models with different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Shaoxiang Chen , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) is an advanced model architecture in the industry that combines multiple specialized expert models from various domains into a single supermodel. This approach enables the model to scale without significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Jingming Guo , Yan Liu , Yu Meng , Zhiwei Tao , Banglan Liu , Gang Chen , Xiang Li

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models based on Transformer architecture are pushing the boundaries of language and vision tasks. The allure of these models lies in their ability to substantially increase the parameter count without a…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a cornerstone of modern AI systems. In particular, MoEs route inputs dynamically to specialized experts whose outputs are aggregated through weighted summation. Despite their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangshuo Liao , Anastasios Kyrillidis

Open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly specialize by domain (e.g., math, code, general reasoning), motivating systems that leverage complementary strengths across models. Prior multi-LLM approaches either (i) route a query to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jacob Fein-Ashley , Dhruv Parikh , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a leading paradigm for scaling large language models through sparse, routing-based computation. However, this design introduces a new attack surface: the routing mechanism that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zekun Fei , Zihao Wang , Weijie Liu , Ruiqi He , Jianing Geng , Zheli Liu , XiaoFeng Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a prominent architecture for scaling model size while maintaining computational efficiency. In MoE, each token in the input sequence activates a different subset of experts determined by a routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chufan Shi , Cheng Yang , Xinyu Zhu , Jiahao Wang , Taiqiang Wu , Siheng Li , Deng Cai , Yujiu Yang , Yu Meng

Sparsely Mixture of Experts (MoE) has received great interest due to its promising scaling capability with affordable computational overhead. MoE converts dense layers into sparse experts, and utilizes a gated routing network to make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Yuan Xie , Shaohan Huang , Tianyu Chen , Furu Wei

We propose the Mixture of Frozen Experts (MoFE) architecture, which integrates Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning (PEFT) and the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture to enhance both training efficiency and model scalability. By freezing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jean Seo , Jaeyoon Kim , Hyopil Shin

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has been demonstrated as an efficient method to scale up models. By dynamically and sparsely selecting activated experts, MoE can effectively reduce computational costs. Despite the success, we observe that many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Haoze Wu , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Hang Zhao , Jie Fu

Sparse Mixture of Experts (sMoE) has become a pivotal approach for scaling large vision-language models, offering substantial capacity while maintaining computational efficiency through dynamic, sparse activation of experts. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yongxiang Hua , Haoyu Cao , Zhou Tao , Bocheng Li , Zihao Wu , Chaohu Liu , Linli Xu

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

MoE-PEFT methods combine Mixture of Experts with parameter-efficient fine-tuning for multi-task adaptation, but require separate adapters per expert causing trainable parameters to scale linearly with expert count and limiting applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Md Kowsher , Haris Mansoor , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Ozlem Garibay , Victor Zhu , Zhengping Ji , Chen Chen

End-to-end models with large capacity have significantly improved multilingual automatic speech recognition, but their computation cost poses challenges for on-device applications. We propose a streaming truly multilingual Conformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Ke Hu , Bo Li , Tara N. Sainath , Yu Zhang , Francoise Beaufays

Hard-parameter sharing is a common strategy to train a single model jointly across diverse tasks. However, this often leads to task interference, impeding overall model performance. To address the issue, we propose a simple yet effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Hojun Jin , Eunsoo Hong , Ziwon Hyung , Sungjun Lim , Seungjin Lee , Keunseok Cho

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) selects a few feed-forward networks (FFNs) per token, achieving an effective trade-off between computational cost and performance. In conventional MoE, each expert is treated as entirely independent, and experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shota Takashiro , Takeshi Kojima , Shohei Taniguchi , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo
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