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Safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) may benefit from a reliable method for assessing their generated content to determine when to abstain or to selectively generate. While likelihood-based metrics such as perplexity are widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jie Ren , Yao Zhao , Tu Vu , Peter J. Liu , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Writing compelling fiction is a multifaceted process combining elements such as crafting a plot, developing interesting characters, and using evocative language. While large language models (LLMs) show promise for story writing, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Fantine Huot , Reinald Kim Amplayo , Jennimaria Palomaki , Alice Shoshana Jakobovits , Elizabeth Clark , Mirella Lapata

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform reasoning tasks such as deduction has been widely investigated in recent years. Yet, their capacity to generate proofs-faithful, human-readable explanations of why conclusions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hui Yang , Jiaoyan Chen , Uli Sattler

Accuracy remains a standard metric for evaluating AI systems, but it offers limited insight into how models arrive at their solutions. In this work, we introduce a benchmark based on brainteasers written in long narrative form to probe more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Simeng Han , Howard Dai , Stephen Xia , Grant Zhang , Chen Liu , Lichang Chen , Hoang Huy Nguyen , Hongyuan Mei , Jiayuan Mao , R. Thomas McCoy

The increasing demand for intelligent systems capable of interpreting and reasoning about visual content requires the development of large Vision-and-Language Models (VLMs) that are not only accurate but also have explicit reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kohei Uehara , Nabarun Goswami , Hanqin Wang , Toshiaki Baba , Kohtaro Tanaka , Tomohiro Hashimoto , Kai Wang , Rei Ito , Takagi Naoya , Ryo Umagami , Yingyi Wen , Tanachai Anakewat , Tatsuya Harada

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Strategic reasoning enables agents to cooperate, communicate, and compete with other agents in diverse situations. Existing approaches to solving strategic games rely on extensive training, yielding strategies that do not generalize to new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Kanishk Gandhi , Dorsa Sadigh , Noah D. Goodman

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance by generating long chains of thought, but longer traces always introduce redundant or ineffective reasoning steps. One typical behavior is that they often perform unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jinyi Han , Zixiang Di , Zishang Jiang , Ying Liao , Jiaqing Liang , Yongqi Wang , Yanghua Xiao

Mathematical reasoning demands two critical, complementary skills: constructing rigorous proofs for true statements and discovering counterexamples that disprove false ones. However, current AI efforts in mathematics focus almost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zenan Li , Zhaoyu Li , Kaiyu Yang , Xiaoxing Ma , Zhendong Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks in recent years, including machine translation, text generation, and question answering. As their applications extend to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xin Zhang , Yang Cao , Baoxing Wu , Xinyi Chen , Kai Song , Siying Li

The advent of large pre-trained generative language models has provided a common framework for AI story generation via sampling the model to create sequences that continue the story. However, sampling alone is insufficient for story…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Amal Alabdulkarim , Winston Li , Lara J. Martin , Mark O. Riedl

Logical reasoning is a critical benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it reflects their ability to derive valid conclusions from given premises. While the combination of test-time scaling with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Despite widespread success in language understanding and generation, large language models (LLMs) exhibit unclear and often inconsistent behavior when faced with tasks that require probabilistic reasoning. In this work, we present the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Mobina Pournemat , Keivan Rezaei , Gaurang Sriramanan , Arman Zarei , Jiaxiang Fu , Yang Wang , Hamid Eghbalzadeh , Soheil Feizi

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have recently shown promise in solving complex math problems when optimized with Reinforcement Learning (RL). But conventional approaches rely on outcome-only rewards that provide sparse feedback, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tao He , Rongchuan Mu , Lizi Liao , Yixin Cao , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Reward models play a critical role in guiding large language models toward outputs that align with human expectations. However, an open challenge remains in effectively utilizing test-time compute to enhance reward model performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiaxin Guo , Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Qingxiu Dong , Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Furu Wei

Stories generated with neural language models have shown promise in grammatical and stylistic consistency. However, the generated stories are still lacking in common sense reasoning, e.g., they often contain sentences deprived of world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Huanru Henry Mao , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder , Julian McAuley , Garrison W. Cottrell

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated a powerful ability for text generation. However, achieving optimal results with a given prompt or instruction can be challenging, especially for billion-sized models. Additionally, undesired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Lifu Tu , Semih Yavuz , Jin Qu , Jiacheng Xu , Rui Meng , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou

Reasoning-oriented Large Language Models (LLMs) often rely on generating explicit tokens step by step, and their effectiveness typically hinges on large-scale supervised fine-tuning or reinforcement learning. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haoyu Zheng , Zhuonan Wang , Yuqian Yuan , Tianwei Lin , Wenqiao Zhang , Zheqi Lv , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang , Hongyang He

Automated storytelling has long captured the attention of researchers for the ubiquity of narratives in everyday life. However, it is challenging to maintain coherence and stay on-topic toward a specific ending when generating narratives…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Xiangyu Peng , Kaige Xie , Amal Alabdulkarim , Harshith Kayam , Samihan Dani , Mark O. Riedl

Writers generally rely on plans or sketches to write long stories, but most current language models generate word by word from left to right. We explore coarse-to-fine models for creating narrative texts of several hundred words, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Angela Fan , Mike Lewis , Yann Dauphin