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This survey presents a comprehensive study of recent advances in block-chain technologies, focusing on how issues that affecting the enterprise adoption were progressively addressed from the original Bitcoin system to Ethereum, to Solana…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Xiangyu Li , Xinyu Wang , Tingli Kong , Junhao Zheng , Min Luo

As a blockchain platform that has developed vigorously in recent years, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin in that it introduces smart contracts into blockchain.Solidity is one of the most mature and widely used smart contract programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

Zero-knowledge proofs (zk-Proofs) are communication protocols by which a prover can demonstrate to a verifier that it possesses a solution to a given public problem without revealing the content of the solution. Arbitrary computations can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Armando Cruz

The closed architecture of prevailing blockchain systems renders the usage of this technology mostly infeasible for a wide range of real-world problems. Most blockchains trap users and applications in their isolated space without the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Michael Sober , Giulia Scaffino , Stefan Schulte

Limited scalability and transaction costs are, among others, some of the critical issues that hamper a wider adoption of distributed ledger technologies (DLT). That is particularly true for the Ethereum blockchain, which, so far, has been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Simone Bottoni , Anwitaman Datta , Federico Franzoni , Emanuele Ragnoli , Roberto Ripamonti , Christian Rondanini , Gokhan Sagirlar , Alberto Trombetta

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Yuqing Zhang , Xin Wang

Liquid staking has become the largest category of decentralized finance protocols in terms of total value locked. However, few studies exist on its implementation designs or underlying risks. The liquid staking protocols allow for earning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Krzysztof Gogol , Benjamin Kraner , Malte Schlosser , Tao Yan , Claudio Tessone , Burkhard Stiller

Hyperledger Fabric is a popular open-source project for deploying permissioned blockchains. Many performance characteristics of the latest Hyperledger Fabric, such as performance characteristics of each phase, the impacts of ordering…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Canhui Wang , Xiaowen Chu

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are increasingly deployed in domains such as privacy-preserving authentication, verifiable computation, and secure finance. However, authoring ZK programs remains challenging: unlike conventional software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhantong Xue , Pingchuan Ma , Zhaoyu Wang , Yuguang Zhou , Xiaoqin Zhang , Shuai Wang , Juergen Rahmel

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple participants to collaboratively train machine learning models while ensuring their data remains private and secure. Blockchain technology further enhances FL by providing stronger security, a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Tianxing Fu , Jia Hu , Geyong Min , Zi Wang

Blokchain is a promising technology to enable distributed and reliable data sharing at the network edge. The high security in blockchain is undoubtedly a critical factor for the network to handle important data item. On the other hand,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Yixin Li , Liang Liang , Yunjian Jia , Wanli Wen , Chaowei Tang , Zhengchuan Chen

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that ensures transparency, security, and immutability through cryptographic techniques. However, advancements in quantum computing threaten the security of classical cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos

Current blockchain technologies provide very limited means of interoperability. In particular, solutions enabling blockchains to verify the existence of data on other blockchains are either very costly or are not fully decentralized. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Philipp Frauenthaler , Marten Sigwart , Christof Spanring , Stefan Schulte

Intuitively there is a drastic distinction between the pure decentralized block-chain systems like Defis and those that only utilize block-chain as an enhancing technology but remain centralized with real-world business model and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Yuqi Bai , Lei Luo

As a highly scalable permissioned blockchain platform, Hyperledger Fabric supports a wide range of industry use cases ranging from governance to finance. In this paper, we propose a model to analyze the performance of a Hyperledgerbased…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Pu Yuan , Kan Zheng , Xiong Xiong , Kuan Zhang , Lei Lei

With the purpose of defending against lateral movement in today's borderless networks, Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) adoption is gaining momentum. With a full scale ZTA implementation, it is unlikely that adversaries will be able to spread…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Lampis Alevizos , Vinh Thong Ta , Max Hashem Eiza

Smart contracts are small programs on the blockchain that often handle valuable assets. Vulnerabilities in smart contracts can be costly, as time has shown over and over again. Countermeasures are high in demand and include best practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of storage proofs in the Ethereum ecosystem, examining their role in addressing historical and cross-chain state access challenges. We systematically review existing approaches to historical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Marek Kirejczyk , Maciej Kalka , Leonid Logvinov

Collision-resistant, cryptographic hash (CRH) functions have long been an integral part of providing security and privacy in modern systems. Certain constructions of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) protocols aim to utilize CRH functions to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Anees Ahmed , Nojan Sheybani , Davi Moreno , Nges Brian Njungle , Tengkai Gong , Michel Kinsy , Farinaz Koushanfar

The blockchain trilemma highlights the difficulty of simultaneously achieving a high degree of decentralization (DoD), scalability, and security in blockchain systems. While numerous constructs and metrics have been proposed to analyze…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Mansur Masama Aliyu , Niclas Kannengießer , Ali Sunyaev