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One of the most prominent climate tipping elements is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which can potentially collapse due to the input of fresh water in the North Atlantic. Although AMOC collapses have been induced in…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-08-04 René M. van Westen , Michael Kliphuis , Henk A. Dijkstra

Climate models indicate a possible collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) even for moderate climate change scenarios. There is considerable uncertainty in its likelihood for a given scenario and the critical…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Johannes Lohmann

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a tipping element of the climate system. The current estimate of the global warming threshold for the onset of an AMOC collapse is +4.0C (uncertainty range 1.4-8C). However, such a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 René M. van Westen , Reyk Börner , Henk A. Dijkstra

Tipping to an undesired state in the climate when a control parameter slowly approaches a critical value is a growing concern with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Predictions rely on detecting early warning signals (EWSs) in…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-04-19 Peter D. Ditlevsen , Susanne Ditlevsen

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the climate system and considered to be a tipping element. There is still a large uncertainty on the critical global warming level at which the AMOC will start to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 René M. van Westen , Elian Y. P. Vanderborght , Michael Kliphuis , Henk A. Dijkstra

Tipping points (TP) in climate sub-systems are usually thought to occur at a well-defined, critical forcing parameter threshold, via destabilization of the system state by a single, dominant positive feedback. However, coupling to other…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Johannes Lohmann , Henk A. Dijkstra , Markus Jochum , Valerio Lucarini , Peter D. Ditlevsen

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is recognized as a tipping element within the global climate system. Central to its tipping behavior is the salt-advection feedback mechanism, which has been extensively studied in box…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Elian Vanderborght , René M. van Westen , Henk A. Dijkstra

A catastrophic collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will have serious impacts on global climate. Based on eight AMOC proxies across the Atlantic basin Boers claimed to have found Early Warning Signals (EWS)…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Xianyao Chen , Ka-Kit Tung

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a crucial ocean current system, could transition to a weak state. Despite severe associated climate impacts, assessing the AMOC's response under global warming and its proximity to…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2026-03-09 Reyk Börner , Oliver Mehling , Jost von Hardenberg , Valerio Lucarini

Key components of the Earth system can undergo abrupt and potentially irreversible transitions when the magnitude or rate of external forcing exceeds critical thresholds. In this study, we use the example of the Atlantic Meridional…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wenjie Zhang , Yu Huang , Sebastian Bathiany , Yechul Shin , Maya Ben-Yami , Suiping Zhou , Niklas Boers

Recently the global average temperature has temporarily exceeded the 1.5{\deg}C goal of the Paris Agreement, and so an overshoot of various climate tipping elements becomes increasingly likely. In this study we analyze the physical…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Jelle Soons , Tobias Grafke , René M. van Westen , Henk A. Dijkstra

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is a crucial part of the climate system because of its associated northward heat transport. The present-day MOC is sensitive to freshwater anomalies and may collapse to a state with a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Qing Yi Feng , Jan P. Viebahn , Henk A. Dijkstra

The results of a recent simulation with a complex global climate model suggest that the overturning component of the freshwater transport at the southern boundary of the Atlantic could be used as an early-warning indicator of an AMOC…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Erhard Reschenhofer

Anticipating a tipping point, a transition from one stable steady state to another, is a problem of broad relevance due to the ubiquity of the phenomenon in diverse fields. The steady-state nature of the dynamics about a tipping point makes…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Shirin Panahi , Ling-Wei Kong , Mohammadamin Moradi , Zheng-Meng Zhai , Bryan Glaz , Mulugeta Haile , Ying-Cheng Lai

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a much studied component of the climate system, because its suspected multistability is associated with tipping behaviour yielding potentially large regional and global climatic…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Johannes Lohmann , Valerio Lucarini

Various subsystems of the Earth system may undergo critical transitions by passing a so-called tipping point, under sustained changes to forcing. For example, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is of particular…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-11-01 Kerstin Lux , Peter Ashwin , Richard Wood , Christian Kuehn

Climate tipping points are critical thresholds in Earth's climate system where a small change can cause abrupt and potentially irreversible shifts towards a new state. Tipping points in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Jasmine Noory

Declines in resilience have been observed in several climate tipping elements over the past decades, including the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the Amazon rainforest (AR). Large-scale nonlinear and possibly…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Annika Högner , Giorgia Di Capua , Jonathan F. Donges , Reik V. Donner , Georg Feulner , Nico Wunderling

Anticipating critical transitions in the Earth system is of great societal relevance, yet there may be intrinsic limitations to their predictability. For instance, from the theory of dynamical systems possessing multiple chaotic attractors,…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2024-01-30 Oliver Mehling , Reyk Börner , Valerio Lucarini

A statistical indicator for dynamic stability known as the $\Upsilon$ indicator is used to gauge the stability and hence detect approaching tipping points of simulation data from a reduced 5-box model of the North-Atlantic Meridional…

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