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This survey paper presents a comprehensive examination of Spiking Neural Network (SNN) architecture search (SNNaS) from a unique hardware/software co-design perspective. SNNs, inspired by biological neurons, have emerged as a promising…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Kama Svoboda , Tosiron Adegbija

Machine learning applications that are implemented with spike-based computation model, e.g., Spiking Neural Network (SNN), have a great potential to lower the energy consumption when they are executed on a neuromorphic hardware. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Shihao Song , Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das , Nagarajan Kandasamy , James Shackleford

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are efficient computation models to perform spatio-temporal pattern recognition on {resource}- and {power}-constrained platforms. SNNs executed on neuromorphic hardware can further reduce energy consumption of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das

Spiking neural network (SNN) is interesting due to its strong bio-plausibility and high energy efficiency. However, its performance is falling far behind conventional deep neural networks (DNNs). In this paper, considering a general class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Shibo Zhou , Xiaohua Li

Recently, brain-inspired computing models have shown great potential to outperform today's deep learning solutions in terms of robustness and energy efficiency. Particularly, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and HyperDimensional Computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Zhuowen Zou , Haleh Alimohamadi , Farhad Imani , Yeseong Kim , Mohsen Imani

Neuromorphic computing and spiking neural networks (SNNs) are gaining traction across various artificial intelligence (AI) tasks thanks to their potential for efficient energy usage and faster computation speed. This comparative advantage…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Theofilos Spyrou , Said Hamdioui , Haralampos-G. Stratigopoulos

Neuromorphic computing and, in particular, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have become an attractive alternative to deep neural networks for a broad range of signal processing applications, processing static and/or temporal inputs from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Souvik Kundu , Rui-Jie Zhu , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Peter A. Beerel

The security of deep neural networks (DNNs) has attracted increasing attention due to their widespread use in various applications. Recently, the deployed DNNs have been demonstrated to be vulnerable to Trojan attacks, which manipulate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Jiawang Bai , Kuofeng Gao , Dihong Gong , Shu-Tao Xia , Zhifeng Li , Wei Liu

Executing Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) on neuromorphic hardware poses the problem of mapping neurons to cores. SNNs operate by propagating spikes between neurons that form a graph through synapses. Neuromorphic hardware mimics them…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Marco Ronzani , Cristina Silvano

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have shown capabilities of achieving high accuracy under unsupervised settings and low operational power/energy due to their bio-plausible computations. Previous studies identified that DRAM-based off-chip…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Muhammad Shafique

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have received extensive attention in brain-inspired intelligence due to their rich spatially-temporal dynamics, various encoding methods, and event-driven characteristics that naturally fit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Duzhen Zhang , Shuncheng Jia , Qingyu Wang

Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted attention for their event-driven characteristics and high energy efficiency. However, the temporal dependency and irregularity of spikes present significant challenges for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Kainan Wang , Chengyi Yang , Chengting Yu , Yee Sin Ang , Bo Wang , Aili Wang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) recently gained momentum due to their low-power multiplication-free computing and the closer resemblance of biological processes in the nervous system of humans. However, SNNs require very long spike trains…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Daniel Gerlinghoff , Zhehui Wang , Xiaozhe Gu , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Tao Luo

Neuromorphic data carries information in spatio-temporal patterns encoded by spikes. Accordingly, a central problem in neuromorphic computing is training spiking neural networks (SNNs) to reproduce spatio-temporal spiking patterns in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Bleema Rosenfeld , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) aim to realize brain-inspired intelligence on neuromorphic chips with high energy efficiency by introducing neural dynamics and spike properties. As the emerging spiking deep learning paradigm attracts…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Wei Fang , Yanqi Chen , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Timothée Masquelier , Ding Chen , Liwei Huang , Huihui Zhou , Guoqi Li , Yonghong Tian

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), models inspired by neural mechanisms in the brain, allow for energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, SNNs trained with current direct training approaches are constrained to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Kangrui Du , Yuhang Wu , Shikuang Deng , Shi Gu

Bio-inspired neuromorphic hardware is a research direction to approach brain's computational power and energy efficiency. Spiking neural networks (SNN) encode information as sparsely distributed spike trains and employ…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Haowem Fang , Amar Shrestha , De Ma , Qinru Qiu

Hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing can significantly improve performance and energy efficiency of machine learning tasks implemented with spiking neural networks (SNNs), making these hardware platforms particularly suitable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Twisha Titirsha , Anup Das

Neuromorphic hardware as a non-Von Neumann architecture has better energy efficiency and parallelism than the conventional computer. Here, with numerical modeling spin-orbit torque (SOT) device using current-induced SOT and Joule heating…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-04-19 Haotian Li , Liyuan Li , Kaiyuan Zhou , Chunjie Yan , Zhenyu Gao , Zishuang Li , Ronghua Liu

The human brain comprises about a hundred billion neurons connected through quadrillion synapses. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) take inspiration from the brain to model complex cognitive and learning tasks. Neuromorphic engineering…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Tanmay Chavan , Sangya Dutta , Nihar R. Mohapatra , Udayan Ganguly