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Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized machine learning protocol that allows a set of participating agents to collaboratively train a model without sharing their data. This makes FL particularly suitable for settings where data privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Mustafa Safa Ozdayi , Murat Kantarcioglu , Rishabh Iyer

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm that enables collaborative training of machine learning models over decentralized devices without exposing their local data. One of the major challenges in FL is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Md Sirajul Islam , Simin Javaherian , Fei Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Chen , Nian-Feng Tzeng

Federated learning algorithms perform reasonably well on independent and identically distributed (IID) data. They, on the other hand, suffer greatly from heterogeneous environments, i.e., Non-IID data. Despite the fact that many research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Yeachan Kim , Bonggun Shin

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning framework in communication network systems. However, the systems' Non-Independent and Identically Distributed (Non-IID) data negatively affect the convergence efficiency of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ping Luo , Xiaoge Deng , Ziqing Wen , Tao Sun , Dongsheng Li

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across large-scale distributed service nodes while preserving data privacy, making it a cornerstone of intelligent service systems in edge-cloud environments. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhiwei Ling , Hailiang Zhao , Chao Zhang , Xiang Ao , Ziqi Wang , Cheng Zhang , Zhen Qin , Xinkui Zhao , Kingsum Chow , Yuanqing Wu , MengChu Zhou

Though successful, federated learning presents new challenges for machine learning, especially when the issue of data heterogeneity, also known as Non-IID data, arises. To cope with the statistical heterogeneity, previous works incorporated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Mahdi Morafah , Saeed Vahidian , Chen Chen , Mubarak Shah , Bill Lin

Federated Learning (FL) is a suitable solution for making use of sensitive data belonging to patients, people, companies, or industries that are obligatory to work under rigid privacy constraints. FL mainly or partially supports data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-30 Alper Emin Cetinkaya , Murat Akin , Seref Sagiroglu

Federated Learning (FL) enables local devices to collaboratively learn a shared predictive model by only periodically sharing model parameters with a central aggregator. However, FL can be disadvantaged by statistical heterogeneity produced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Basem Suleiman , Muhammad Johan Alibasa , Rizka Widyarini Purwanto , Lewis Jeffries , Ali Anaissi , Jacky Song

Knowledge sharing and model personalization are essential components to tackle the non-IID challenge in federated learning (FL). Most existing FL methods focus on two extremes: 1) to learn a shared model to serve all clients with non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Jie Ma , Guodong Long , Tianyi Zhou , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning technique that trains a shared model over distributed data in a privacy-preserving manner. Unfortunately, FL's performance degrades when there is (i) variability in client characteristics in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Muhammad Tahir Munir , Muhammad Mustansar Saeed , Mahad Ali , Zafar Ayyub Qazi , Ihsan Ayyub Qazi

The proliferation of edge devices has brought Federated Learning (FL) to the forefront as a promising paradigm for decentralized and collaborative model training while preserving the privacy of clients' data. However, FL struggles with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Mahdi Morafah , Matthias Reisser , Bill Lin , Christos Louizos

Federated learning (FL) enables a set of distributed clients to jointly train machine learning models while preserving their local data privacy, making it attractive for applications in healthcare, finance, mobility, and smart-city systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Eman M. AbouNassar , Amr Elshall , Sameh Abdulah

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are state-of-the-art distributed machine learning techniques to enable machine learning training without accessing raw data on clients or end devices. However, their \emph{comparative training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Yansong Gao , Minki Kim , Chandra Thapa , Sharif Abuadbba , Zhi Zhang , Seyit A. Camtepe , Hyoungshick Kim , Surya Nepal

As a promising paradigm federated Learning (FL) is widely used in privacy-preserving machine learning, which allows distributed devices to collaboratively train a model while avoiding data transmission among clients. Despite its immense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Jinglong Shen , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng , Longfei Ma , Conghao Zhou , Yuan Zhang

Classical federated learning approaches yield significant performance degradation in the presence of Non-IID data distributions of participants. When the distribution of each local dataset is highly different from the global one, the local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Mahdi Morafah , Saeed Vahidian , Weijia Wang , Bill Lin

Federated learning is a distributed learning framework that takes full advantage of private data samples kept on edge devices. In real-world federated learning systems, these data samples are often decentralized and Non-Independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Dun Zeng , Xiangjing Hu , Shiyu Liu , Yue Yu , Qifan Wang , Zenglin Xu

Federated learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving distributed management framework based on collaborative model training of distributed devices in edge networks. However, recent studies have shown that FL is vulnerable to adversarial examples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Yu Qiao , Apurba Adhikary , Chaoning Zhang , Choong Seon Hong

In the last years, Federated learning (FL) has become a popular solution to train machine learning models in domains with high privacy concerns. However, FL scalability and performance face significant challenges in real-world deployments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Davide Domini , Gianluca Aguzzi , Lukas Esterle , Mirko Viroli

The emerging paradigm of federated learning (FL) strives to enable collaborative training of deep models on the network edge without centrally aggregating raw data and hence improving data privacy. In most cases, the assumption of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Xiaoxiao Li , Meirui Jiang , Xiaofei Zhang , Michael Kamp , Qi Dou

One of the most challenging issues in federated learning is that the data is often not independent and identically distributed (nonIID). Clients are expected to contribute the same type of data and drawn from one global distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Hung Nguyen , Peiyuan Wu , Morris Chang