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Classifying network traffic is the basis for important network applications. Prior research in this area has faced challenges on the availability of representative datasets, and many of the results cannot be readily reproduced. Such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Onur Barut , Yan Luo , Tong Zhang , Weigang Li , Peilong Li

Encrypted tunneling protocols are widely used. Beyond business and personal uses, malicious actors also deploy tunneling to hinder the detection of Command and Control and data exfiltration. A common approach to maintain visibility on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Johan Mazel , Matthieu Saudrais , Antoine Hervieu

Existing website fingerprinting and traffic classification solutions do not work well when the evaluation context changes, as their performances often heavily rely on context-specific assumptions. To clarify this problem, we take three…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Elham Akbari , Zihao Zhou , Mohammad Ali Salahuddin , Noura Limam , Raouf Boutaba , Bertrand Mathieu , Stephanie Moteau , Stephane Tuffin

Traditional Encrypted Traffic Classification (ETC) methods face a significant challenge in classifying large volumes of encrypted traffic in the open-world assumption, i.e., simultaneously classifying the known applications and detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Xiang Li , Beibei Feng , Tianning Zang , Shuyuan Zhao , Jingrun Ma

Network traffic, as a key media format, is crucial for ensuring security and communications in modern internet infrastructure. While existing methods offer excellent performance, they face two key bottlenecks: (1) They fail to capture…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Longgang Zhang , Xiaowei Fu , Fuxiang Huang , Lei Zhang

Internet traffic classification is widely used to facilitate network management. It plays a crucial role in Quality of Services (QoS), Quality of Experience (QoE), network visibility, intrusion detection, and traffic trend analyses. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Adi Lichy , Ofek Bader , Ran Dubin , Amit Dvir , Chen Hajaj

Machine Learning (ML) can be incredibly valuable to automate anomaly detection and cyber-attack classification, improving the way that Network Intrusion Detection (NID) is performed. However, despite the benefits of ML models, they are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-27 João Vitorino , Isabel Praça , Eva Maia

The widespread adoption of encrypted communication protocols such as HTTPS and TLS has enhanced data privacy but also rendered traditional anomaly detection techniques less effective, as they often rely on inspecting unencrypted payloads.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Kalindi Singh , Aayush Kashyap , Aswani Kumar Cherukuri

Classic Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) often rely on manual feature engineering to extract meaningful patterns from network traffic data. However, this approach requires domain expertise and runs counter to the widely adopted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Muhammad Usman Butt , Andreas Hotho , Daniel Schlör

Encrypted traffic classification is highly challenging in network security due to the need for extracting robust features from content-agnostic traffic data. Existing approaches face critical issues: (i) Distribution drift, caused by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Wenqi Dong , Jing Yu , Zhen Li , Wei Xia

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) approaches have been an influential framework for the usage of unlabeled data when there is not a sufficient amount of labeled data available over the course of training. SSL methods based on Convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Fariborz Taherkhani , Hadi Kazemi , Ali Dabouei , Jeremy Dawson , Nasser M. Nasrabadi

Class-of-service (CoS) network traffic classification (NTC) classifies a group of similar traffic applications. The CoS classification is advantageous in resource scheduling for Internet service providers and avoids the necessity of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-04 Yoga Suhas Kuruba Manjunath , Sihao Zhao , Hatem Abou-zeid , Akram Bin Sediq , Ramy Atawia , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Machine Learning (ML) techniques are becoming an invaluable support for network intrusion detection, especially in revealing anomalous flows, which often hide cyber-threats. Typically, ML algorithms are exploited to classify/recognize data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Mario Di Mauro , Giovanni Galatro , Giancarlo Fortino , Antonio Liotta

The open-world deployment of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in safety-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles needs to address a variety of ML vulnerabilities such as interpretability, verifiability, and performance limitations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Sina Mohseni , Haotao Wang , Zhiding Yu , Chaowei Xiao , Zhangyang Wang , Jay Yadawa

In contrast to previous surveys, the present work is not focused on reviewing the datasets used in the network security field. The fact is that many of the available public labeled datasets represent the network behavior just for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Jorge Guerra , Carlos Catania , Eduardo Veas

The popularity of encryption mechanisms poses a great challenge to malicious traffic detection. The reason is traditional detection techniques cannot work without the decryption of encrypted traffic. Currently, research on encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Zihao Wang , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

TLS is an end-to-end protocol designed to provide confidentiality and integrity guarantees that improve end-user security and privacy. While TLS helps defend against pervasive surveillance of intercepted unencrypted traffic, it also hinders…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Xavier de Carné de Carnavalet , Paul C. van Oorschot

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

Networked control systems (NCSs) are an example of task-oriented communication systems, where the purpose of communication is real-time control of processes over a network. In the context of NCSs, with the processes sending their state…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-29 Polina Kutsevol , Onur Ayan , Wolfgang Kellerer

Encrypted traffic classification is the task of identifying the application or service associated with encrypted network traffic. One effective approach for this task is to use deep learning methods to encode the raw traffic bytes directly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Wei Peng , Lei Cui , Wei Cai , Zhenquan Ding , Zhiyu Hao , Xiaochun Yun