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Property-based testing (PBT) is a technique for validating code against an executable specification by automatically generating test-data. We present a proof-theoretical reconstruction of this style of testing for relational specifications…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Dale Miller , Alberto Momigliano

Property-based testing (PBT) is a lightweight formal method, typically implemented as a randomized testing framework. Users specify the input domain for their test using combinators supplied by the PBT framework, and the expected properties…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Muhammad Maaz , Liam DeVoe , Zac Hatfield-Dodds , Nicholas Carlini

Property-based testing (PBT) is a popular technique for establishing confidence in software, where users write properties -- i.e., executable specifications -- that can be checked many times in a loop by a testing framework. In modern PBT…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Alperen Keles , Justine Frank , Ceren Mert , Harrison Goldstein , Leonidas Lampropoulos

Property-based testing (PBT) is a popular technique for automatically testing semantic properties of a program, specified as a pair of pre- and post-conditions. The efficacy of this approach depends on being able to quickly generate inputs…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Patrick LaFontaine , Zhe Zhou , Ashish Mishra , Suresh Jagannathan , Benjamin Delaware

Existing code benchmarks measure whether an agent can produce any test that reproduces a known bug, or whether it can produce a patch that fixes a described issue. Neither isolates the distinct skill of property-based testing: deriving a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Lucas Jing , Xinqi Wang , Liao Zhang , Simon S. Du

Property-based testing (PBT), while an established technique in the software testing research community, is still relatively underused in real-world software. Pain points in writing property-based tests include implementing diverse random…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Vasudev Vikram , Caroline Lemieux , Joshua Sunshine , Rohan Padhye

Context: This work is based on property-based testing (PBT). PBT is an increasingly important form of software testing. Furthermore, it serves as a concrete gateway into the abstract area of formal methods. Specifically, we focus on…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Tim Nelson , Elijah Rivera , Sam Soucie , Thomas Del Vecchio , John Wrenn , Shriram Krishnamurthi

Property-based testing validates software against an executable specification by evaluating it on randomly generated inputs. The standard way that PBT users generate test inputs is via generators that describe how to sample test inputs…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ryan Tjoa , Poorva Garg , Harrison Goldstein , Todd Millstein , Benjamin Pierce , Guy Van den Broeck

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly generate code in software development, ensuring the quality of LLM-generated code has become important. Traditional testing approaches using Example-based Testing (EBT) often miss edge cases --…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Hidetake Tanaka , Haruto Tanaka , Kazumasa Shimari , Kenichi Matsumoto

Among the biggest challenges in property-based testing (PBT) is the constrained random generation problem: given a predicate on program values, randomly sample from the set of all values satisfying that predicate, and only those values.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Harrison Goldstein , Hila Peleg , Cassia Torczon , Daniel Sainati , Leonidas Lampropoulos , Benjamin C. Pierce

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a general approach for the testing of a specific kind of software systems -- so-called ``non-testable'', where the ``classical'' testing approaches are difficult to apply. MT is an effective approach for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Nasser Alzahrani , Maria Spichkova , James Harland

Property-based testing is a mainstay of functional programming, boasting a rich literature, an enthusiastic user community, and an abundance of tools~ -- so many, indeed, that new users may have difficulty choosing. Moreover, any given…

Property-based random testing a la QuickCheck requires building efficient generators for well-distributed random data satisfying complex logical predicates, but writing these generators can be difficult and error prone. We propose a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Leonidas Lampropoulos , Diane Gallois-Wong , Catalin Hritcu , John Hughes , Benjamin C. Pierce , Li-yao Xia

Automated unit test generation has been widely studied, with Large Language Models (LLMs) recently showing significant potential. Moreover, in the context of unit test generation, these tools prioritize high code coverage, often at the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Zhe Zhang , Xingyu Liu , Yuanzhang Lin , Xiang Gao , Hailong Sun , Yuan Yuan

This paper presents a framework to apply property-based testing (PBT) on top of temporal formal models. The aim of this work is to help software engineers to understand temporal models that are presented formally and to make use of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Nasser Alzahrani , Maria Spichkova , Jan Olaf Blech

Zero-shot text classification typically relies on prompt engineering, but the inherent prompt brittleness of large language models undermines its reliability. Minor changes in prompt can cause significant discrepancies in model performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Junlang Qian , Zixiao Zhu , Hanzhang Zhou , Zijian Feng , Zepeng Zhai , Kezhi Mao

While automatic prompt generation methods have recently received significant attention, their robustness remains poorly understood. In this paper, we introduce PertBench, a comprehensive benchmark dataset that includes a wide range of input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zeru Shi , Zhenting Wang , Yongye Su , Weidi Luo , Hang Gao , Fan Yang , Ruixiang Tang , Yongfeng Zhang

Context: The success of QuickCheck has led to the development of property-based testing (PBT) libraries for many languages and the process is getting increasing attention. However, unlike regular testing, PBT is not widespread in collegiate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-02 John Wrenn , Tim Nelson , Shriram Krishnamurthi

Nowadays transformer-based Large Language Models (LLM) for code generation tasks usually apply sampling and filtering pipelines. Due to the sparse reward problem in code generation tasks caused by one-token incorrectness, transformer-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Yuyang Chen , Kaiyan Zhao , Yiming Wang , Ming Yang , Jian Zhang , Xiaoguang Niu

Beyond training-time optimization, scaling test-time computation has emerged as a key paradigm to extend the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, most existing methods adopt a rigid Planning-before-Trial (PbT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Youngsik Yoon , Sungjae Lee , Seockbean Song , Siwei Wang , Wei Chen , Jungseul Ok
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