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This scoping review examines the emerging field of Large Language Model (LLM)-based pedagogical agents in educational settings. While traditional pedagogical agents have been extensively studied, the integration of LLMs represents a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shan Li , Juan Zheng

Conventional text style transfer approaches focus on sentence-level style transfer without considering contextual information, and the style is described with attributes (e.g., formality). When applying style transfer in conversations such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Shamik Roy , Raphael Shu , Nikolaos Pappas , Elman Mansimov , Yi Zhang , Saab Mansour , Dan Roth

Engagement between client and therapist is a critical determinant of therapeutic success. We propose a multi-dimensional natural language processing (NLP) framework that objectively classifies engagement quality in counseling sessions based…

Educational NLP systems are typically evaluated using engagement metrics and satisfaction surveys, which are at best a proxy for meeting pedagogical goals. We introduce six computational metrics for automated evaluation of pedagogical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Sebastian Kobler , Matthew Clemson , Angela Sun , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

Turn-level user satisfaction is one of the most important performance metrics for conversational agents. It can be used to monitor the agent's performance and provide insights about defective user experiences. Moreover, a powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Mohammad Kachuee , Hao Yuan , Young-Bum Kim , Sungjin Lee

Mental health counseling is an enterprise with profound societal importance where conversations play a primary role. In order to acquire the conversational skills needed to face a challenging range of situations, mental health counselors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Justine Zhang , Robert Filbin , Christine Morrison , Jaclyn Weiser , Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil

The tendency of users to anthropomorphise large language models (LLMs) is of growing interest to AI developers, researchers, and policy-makers. Here, we present a novel method for empirically evaluating anthropomorphic LLM behaviours in…

The advancement of intelligent agents has revolutionized problem-solving across diverse domains, yet solutions for personalized fashion styling remain underexplored, which holds immense promise for promoting shopping experiences. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Hongbo Ma , Fei Shen , Hongbin Xu , Xiaoce Wang , Gang Xu , Jinkai Zheng , Liangqiong Qu , Ming Li

As the recent Large Language Models(LLM's) become increasingly competent in zero-shot and few-shot reasoning across various domains, educators are showing a growing interest in leveraging these LLM's in conversation-based tutoring systems.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Minju Park , Sojung Kim , Seunghyun Lee , Soonwoo Kwon , Kyuseok Kim

Optimization is as much about modeling the right problem as solving it. Identifying the right objectives, constraints, and trade-offs demands extensive interaction between researchers and stakeholders. Large language models can empower…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Joshua Drossman , Alexandre Jacquillat , Sébastien Martin

A good conversation requires balance -- between simplicity and detail; staying on topic and changing it; asking questions and answering them. Although dialogue agents are commonly evaluated via human judgments of overall quality, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Abigail See , Stephen Roller , Douwe Kiela , Jason Weston

In an era where single large language models have dominated the landscape of artificial intelligence for years, multi-agent systems arise as new protagonists in conversational task-solving. While previous studies have showcased their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Jonas Becker

We present a method for combining multi-agent communication and traditional data-driven approaches to natural language learning, with an end goal of teaching agents to communicate with humans in natural language. Our starting point is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Angeliki Lazaridou , Anna Potapenko , Olivier Tieleman

Large language models (LLMs) enable conversational agents (CAs) to express distinctive personalities, raising new questions about how such designs shape user perceptions. This study investigates how personality expression levels and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Hasibur Rahman , Smit Desai

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied in various fields due to their excellent capability for memorizing knowledge and chain of thought (CoT). When these language models are applied in the field of psychological counseling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Yirong Chen , Xiaofen Xing , Jingkai Lin , Huimin Zheng , Zhenyu Wang , Qi Liu , Xiangmin Xu

Current disfluency detection models focus on individual utterances each from a single speaker. However, numerous discontinuity phenomena in spoken conversational transcripts occur across multiple turns, hampering human readability and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Hua Shen , Vicky Zayats , Johann C. Rocholl , Daniel D. Walker , Dirk Padfield

Personalized AI agents are becoming central to modern information retrieval, yet most evaluation methodologies remain static, relying on fixed benchmarks and one-off metrics that fail to reflect how users' needs evolve over time. These…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Kirandeep Kaur , Preetam Prabhu Srikar Dammu , Hideo Joho , Chirag Shah

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period characterized by deficits in the cognitive and social areas. Conversational agents have been increasingly explored to support therapeutic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Fabio Catania , Micol Spitale , Franca Garzotto

The effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) in conversational AI is hindered by their reliance on single-turn supervised fine-tuning (SFT) data, which limits contextual coherence in multi-turn dialogues. Existing methods for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiangxu Wu , Cong Wang , TianHuang Su , Jun Yang , Haozhi Lin , Chao Zhang , Ming Peng , Kai Shi , SongPan Yang , BinQing Pan , ZiXian Li , Ni Yang , ZhenYu Yang

Smart assistants increasingly act proactively, yet mistimed or intrusive behavior often causes users to lose trust and disable these features. Learning user preferences for proactive assistance is difficult because real-world studies are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Ziyi Xuan , Yiwen Wu , Zhaoyang Yan , Vinod Namboodiri , Yu Yang