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In satellite image analysis, distributional mismatch between the training and test data may arise due to several reasons, including unseen classes in the test data and differences in the geographic area. Deep learning based models may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Jakob Gawlikowski , Sudipan Saha , Anna Kruspe , Xiao Xiang Zhu

We present a principled approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) and adversarial samples in deep neural networks. Our approach consists in modeling the outputs of the various layers (deep features) with parametric probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-27 Nilesh A. Ahuja , Ibrahima Ndiour , Trushant Kalyanpur , Omesh Tickoo

Multimodal fusion, leveraging data like vision and language, is rapidly gaining traction. This enriched data representation improves performance across various tasks. Existing methods for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, a critical area…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Jinglun Li , Xinyu Zhou , Kaixun Jiang , Lingyi Hong , Pinxue Guo , Zhaoyu Chen , Weifeng Ge , Wenqiang Zhang

A neural network trained on a classification dataset often exhibits a higher vector norm of hidden layer features for in-distribution (ID) samples, while producing relatively lower norm values on unseen instances from out-of-distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Jaewoo Park , Jacky Chen Long Chai , Jaeho Yoon , Andrew Beng Jin Teoh

This paper proposes a short-range FMCW radar-based facial authentication and out-of-distribution (OOD) detection framework. Our pipeline jointly estimates the correct classes for the in-distribution (ID) samples and detects the OOD samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Sabri Mustafa Kahya , Boran Hamdi Sivrikaya , Muhammet Sami Yavuz , Eckehard Steinbach

To deploy machine learning models in the real world, researchers have proposed many OOD detection algorithms to help models identify unknown samples during the inference phase and prevent them from making untrustworthy predictions. Unlike…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Heng Gao , Zhuolin He , Jian Pu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the reliability of deep learning systems, particularly in safety-critical applications. Likelihood-based deep generative models have historically faced criticism for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Yifan Ding , Arturas Aleksandraus , Amirhossein Ahmadian , Jonas Unger , Fredrik Lindsten , Gabriel Eilertsen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which aims to distinguish unknown classes from known classes, has received increasing attention recently. A main challenge within is the unavailable of samples from the unknown classes in the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Mingle Xu , Jaehwan Lee , Sook Yoon , Dong Sun Park

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has received much attention lately due to its importance in the safe deployment of neural networks. One of the key challenges is that models lack supervision signals from unknown data, and as a result,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Xuefeng Du , Zhaoning Wang , Mu Cai , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning systems, particularly in dynamic and open-world environments. In the vision and text domains, zero-shot OOD detection - which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haoyan Xu , Zhengtao Yao , Xuzhi Zhang , Ziyi Wang , Langzhou He , Yushun Dong , Philip S. Yu , Mengyuan Li , Yue Zhao

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

Out-of-distribution (OoD) detection for data-based programs is a goal of paramount importance. Common approaches in the literature tend to train detectors requiring inside-of-distribution (in-distribution, or IoD) and OoD validation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Romain Xu-Darme , Julien Girard-Satabin , Darryl Hond , Gabriele Incorvaia , Zakaria Chihani

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) examples is an important task for deploying reliable machine learning models in safety-critial applications. While post-hoc methods based on the Mahalanobis distance applied to pre-logit features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maximilian Mueller , Matthias Hein

LiDAR-based 3D object detection plays a critical role for reliable and safe autonomous driving systems. However, existing detectors often produce overly confident predictions for objects not belonging to known categories, posing significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Michael Kösel , Marcel Schreiber , Michael Ulrich , Claudius Gläser , Klaus Dietmayer

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an indispensable aspect of secure AI when deploying machine learning models in real-world applications. Previous paradigms either explore better scoring functions or utilize the knowledge of outliers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jianing Zhu , Hengzhuang Li , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Jianliang Xu , Bo Han

Existing prompt learning methods have shown certain capabilities in Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, but the lack of OOD images in the target dataset in their training can lead to mismatches between OOD images and In-Distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Tianqi Li , Guansong Pang , Xiao Bai , Wenjun Miao , Jin Zheng

Out-of-distribution detection is an important capability that has long eluded vanilla neural networks. Deep Neural networks (DNNs) tend to generate over-confident predictions when presented with inputs that are significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Sumedh A Sontakke , Buvaneswari Ramanan , Laurent Itti , Thomas Woo

Deep Learning models are easily disturbed by variations in the input images that were not observed during the training stage, resulting in unpredictable predictions. Detecting such Out-of-Distribution (OOD) images is particularly crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Benjamin Lambert , Florence Forbes , Senan Doyle , Michel Dojat

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models. Existing methods mostly focus on regular entangled representations to discriminate in-distribution (ID) and OOD data, neglecting the rich…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Boyang Dai , Chaoqi Chen , Yizhou Yu

Automated plankton recognition models face significant challenges during real-world deployment due to distribution shifts (Out-of-Distribution, OoD) between training and test data. This stems from plankton's complex morphologies, vast…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yingzi Han , Jiakai He , Chuanlong Xie , Jianping Li