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Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) seeks to update a pretrained model during deployment using only the incoming, unlabeled data stream. Although prior approaches such as Tent, EATA etc. provide meaningful improvements under short…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Himanshu Mishra

Representation learning for time series using contrastive learning has emerged as a critical technique for improving the performance of downstream tasks. To advance this effective approach, we introduce CaTT (\textit{Contrast All The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Abdul-Kazeem Shamba , Kerstin Bach , Gavin Taylor

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to adjust to distribution shift by learning from unlabeled test-time streams. However, existing methods typically treat these streams as independent samples, overlooking the supervisory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Young Kyung Kim , Oded Schlesinger , Qiangqiang Wu , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Traditional test-time adaptation (TTA) methods face significant challenges in adapting to dynamic environments characterized by continuously changing long-term target distributions. These challenges primarily stem from two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Fahim Faisal Niloy , Sk Miraj Ahmed , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Samet Oymak , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP enable strong zero-shot recognition but suffer substantial degradation under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to improve robustness using only unlabeled test samples, yet most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sanggeon Yun , Ryozo Masukawa , SungHeon Jeong , Wenjun Huang , Hanning Chen , Mohsen Imani

The rapid progress in large language models (LLMs) has paved the way for novel approaches in knowledge-intensive tasks. Among these, Cache-Augmented Generation (CAG) has emerged as a promising alternative to Retrieval-Augmented Generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Rishabh Agrawal , Himanshu Kumar

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting neural networks to distribution shifts, with access to only the unlabeled test samples from the new domain at test-time. Prior TTA methods optimize over unsupervised objectives such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Sachin Goyal , Mingjie Sun , Aditi Raghunathan , Zico Kolter

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) is an emerging research topic that aims to understand and recognize human sentiment or emotions through multiple modalities. However, in real-world dynamic scenarios, the distribution of target data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zirun Guo , Tao Jin , Wenlong Xu , Wang Lin , Yangyang Wu

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in a variety of computer vision applications. However, there is a problem of degrading accuracy when the data distribution shifts between training and testing. As a solution of this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Shohei Enomoto , Naoya Hasegawa , Kazuki Adachi , Taku Sasaki , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Satoshi Suzuki , Takeharu Eda

Multimodal 3D vision-language models show strong generalization across diverse 3D tasks, but their performance still degrades notably under domain shifts. This has motivated recent studies on test-time adaptation (TTA), which enables models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Xingyu Zhu , Liang Yi , Shuo Wang , Wenbo Zhu , Yonglinag Wu , Beier Zhu , Hanwang Zhang

The advancements in generative modeling, particularly the advent of diffusion models, have sparked a fundamental question: how can these models be effectively used for discriminative tasks? In this work, we find that generative models can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Mihir Prabhudesai , Tsung-Wei Ke , Alexander C. Li , Deepak Pathak , Katerina Fragkiadaki

Research question answering requires accurate retrieval and contextual understanding of scientific literature. However, current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) methods often struggle to balance complex document relationships with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yuntong Hu , Zhihan Lei , Zhongjie Dai , Allen Zhang , Abhinav Angirekula , Zheng Zhang , Liang Zhao

Adapting models to dynamic, real-world environments characterized by shifting data distributions and unseen test scenarios is a critical challenge in deep learning. In this paper, we consider a realistic and challenging Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Manogna Sreenivas , Soma Biswas

Image-to-image translation has emerged as a powerful technique in medical imaging, enabling tasks such as image denoising and cross-modality conversion. However, it suffers from limitations in handling out-of-distribution samples without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Irene Iele , Francesco Di Feola , Valerio Guarrasi , Paolo Soda

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has significantly advanced large language models (LLMs) by grounding their outputs in external tools and knowledge sources. However, existing RAG systems are typically constrained to static, single-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Jubin Abhishek Soni , Amit Anand , Rajesh Kumar Pandey , Aniket Abhishek Soni

This paper introduces ReservoirTTA, a novel plug-in framework designed for prolonged test-time adaptation (TTA) in scenarios where the test domain continuously shifts over time, including cases where domains recur or evolve gradually. At…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Guillaume Vray , Devavrat Tomar , Xufeng Gao , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Evan Shelhamer , Behzad Bozorgtabar

The zero-shot capabilities of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been widely leveraged to improve predictive performance. However, previous works on transductive or test-time adaptation (TTA) often make strong assumptions about the data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Maxime Zanella , Clément Fuchs , Christophe De Vleeschouwer , Ismail Ben Ayed

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) represent the gold standard for causal inference yet remain a scarce resource. While large-scale observational data is often available, it is utilized only for retrospective fusion, and remains discarded…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Erdun Gao , Liang Zhang , Jake Fawkes , Aoqi Zuo , Wenqin Liu , Haoxuan Li , Mingming Gong , Dino Sejdinovic

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

Medical image segmentation is critical for clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring, yet segmentation models often struggle with uncertainties stemming from occlusions, ambiguous boundaries, and variations in imaging devices.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Xiao Ma , Yuhui Tao , Zetian Zhang , Yuhan Zhang , Xi Wang , Sheng Zhang , Zexuan Ji , Yizhe Zhang , Qiang Chen , Guang Yang