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The Koopman operator is a mathematical tool that allows for a linear description of non-linear systems, but working in infinite dimensional spaces. Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition are amongst the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Francesco Zanini , Alessandro Chiuso

The Koopman operator is a linear operator that describes the evolution of scalar observables (i.e., measurement functions of the states) in an infinitedimensional Hilbert space. This operator theoretic point of view lifts the dynamics of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-19 Gregory Snyder , Zhuoyuan Song

This paper presents a novel Koopman composition operator representation framework for control systems in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs) that is free of explicit dictionary or input parametrizations. By establishing fundamental…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Petar Bevanda , Bas Driessen , Lucian Cristian Iacob , Stefan Sosnowski , Roland Tóth , Sandra Hirche

The Koopman operator allows for handling nonlinear systems through a (globally) linear representation. In general, the operator is infinite-dimensional - necessitating finite approximations - for which there is no overarching framework.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-23 Petar Bevanda , Stefan Sosnowski , Sandra Hirche

The Koopman representation is an infinite dimensional linear representation of linear or nonlinear dynamical systems. It represents the dynamics of output maps (aka observables), which are functions on the state space whose evaluation is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-18 Bassam Bamieh

Koopman operator, as a fully linear representation of nonlinear dynamical systems, if well-defined on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), can be efficiently learned from data. For stability analysis and control-related problems, it…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Wentao Tang , Xiuzhen Ye

Koopman analysis provides a general framework from which to analyze a nonlinear dynamical system in terms of a linear operator acting on an infinite-dimensional observable space. This theoretical framework provides a rigorous underpinning…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Dan Wilson

In this work, we explore finite-dimensional linear representations of nonlinear dynamical systems by restricting the Koopman operator to an invariant subspace. The Koopman operator is an infinite-dimensional linear operator that evolves…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-04-27 Steven L. Brunton , Bingni W. Brunton , Joshua L. Proctor , J. Nathan Kutz

Nonlinear dynamical systems with symmetries exhibit a rich variety of behaviors, including complex attractor-basin portraits and enhanced and suppressed bifurcations. Symmetry arguments provide a way to study these collective behaviors and…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-10-23 Anastasiya Salova , Jeffrey Emenheiser , Adam Rupe , James P. Crutchfield , Raissa M. D'Souza

Koopman operator is a composition operator defined for a dynamical system described by nonlinear differential or difference equation. Although the original system is nonlinear and evolves on a finite-dimensional state space, the Koopman…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Yoshihiko Susuki , Igor Mezic , Fredrik Raak , Takashi Hikihara

The Koopman framework proposes a linear representation of finite-dimensional nonlinear systems through a generally infinite-dimensional globally linear embedding. Originally, the Koopman formalism has been derived for autonomous systems. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-15 Lucian Cristian Iacob , Roland Tóth , Maarten Schoukens

Recently Koopman operator has become a promising data-driven tool to facilitate real-time control for unknown nonlinear systems. It maps nonlinear systems into equivalent linear systems in embedding space, ready for real-time linear control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Haojie Shi , Max Q. -H. Meng

This paper proposes a method to identify a Koopman model of a feedback-controlled system given a known controller. The Koopman operator allows a nonlinear system to be rewritten as an infinite-dimensional linear system by viewing it in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-13 Steven Dahdah , James Richard Forbes

This paper presents a class of linear predictors for nonlinear controlled dynamical systems. The basic idea is to lift the nonlinear dynamics into a higher dimensional space where its evolution is approximately linear. In an uncontrolled…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-03-26 Milan Korda , Igor Mezić

Koopman operators and transfer operators represent nonlinear dynamics in state space through its induced action on linear spaces of observables and measures, respectively. This framework enables the use of linear operator theory for…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Claire Valva , Dimitrios Giannakis

Koopman operator provides a general linear description of nonlinear systems, whose estimation from data (via extended dynamic mode decomposition) has been extensively studied. However, the elusiveness between the Koopman spectrum and the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Wentao Tang , Xiuzhen Ye

The Koopman operator is a linear but infinite dimensional operator that governs the evolution of scalar observables defined on the state space of an autonomous dynamical system, and is a powerful tool for the analysis and decomposition of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-07-28 Matthew O. Williams , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Clarence W. Rowley

Controlling nonlinear dynamical systems remains a central challenge in a wide range of applications, particularly when accurate first-principle models are unavailable. Data-driven approaches offer a promising alternative by designing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Robin Strässer , Karl Worthmann , Igor Mezić , Julian Berberich , Manuel Schaller , Frank Allgöwer

In this paper, we systematically derive a finite set of Koopman based observables to construct a lifted linear state space model that describes the rigid body dynamics based on the dual quaternion representation. In general, the Koopman…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-20 Vrushabh Zinage , Efstathios Bakolas

This paper studies the problem of output regulation for a class of nonlinear systems experiencing matched input disturbances. It is assumed that the disturbance signal is generated by an external autonomous dynamical system. First, we show…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-18 Bart Kieboom , Maria Bartzioka , Matin Jafarian
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