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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled zero-shot automated essay scoring (AES), providing a promising way to reduce the cost and effort of essay scoring in comparison with manual grading. However, most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Takumi Shibata , Yuichi Miyamura

We present ARETA, an automatic error type annotation system for Modern Standard Arabic. We design ARETA to address Arabic's morphological richness and orthographic ambiguity. We base our error taxonomy on the Arabic Learner Corpus (ALC)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Riadh Belkebir , Nizar Habash

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is crucial for modern education, particularly with the increasing prevalence of multimodal assessments. However, traditional AES methods struggle with evaluation generalizability and multimodal perception,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Zhuoran Gao , Han Zhang , Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu

Automatic essay scoring (AES) refers to the process of scoring free text responses to given prompts, considering human grader scores as the gold standard. Writing such essays is an essential component of many language and aptitude exams.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Sowmya Vajjala

Automatic scoring engines have been used for scoring approximately fifteen million test-takers in just the last three years. This number is increasing further due to COVID-19 and the associated automation of education and testing. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Anubha Kabra , Mehar Bhatia , Yaman Kumar , Junyi Jessy Li , Rajiv Ratn Shah

In this article, an automated system is proposed for essay scoring in Arabic language for online exams based on stemming techniques and Levenshtein edit operations. An online exam has been developed on the proposed mechanisms, exploiting…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-11-10 Emad Fawzi Al-Shalabi

Large language models (LLMs) have recently reshaped Automated Essay Scoring (AES), yet prior studies typically examine individual techniques in isolation, limiting understanding of their relative merits for English as a Second Language (L2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Minh Hoang Nguyen , Vu Hoang Pham , Xuan Thanh Huynh , Phuc Hong Mai , Vinh The Nguyen , Quang Nhut Huynh , Huy Tien Nguyen , Tung Le

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is a well-established educational pursuit that employs machine learning to evaluate student-authored essays. While much effort has been made in this area, current research primarily focuses on either (i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Yuyang Li , Quanlong Guan , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

This paper explores the human-centric operationalization of Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems, addressing aspects beyond accuracy. We compare various machine learning-based approaches with Large Language Models (LLMs) approaches,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yenisel Plasencia-Calaña

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers' essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Amber Nigam

Receiving timely and personalized feedback is essential for second-language learners, especially when human instructors are unavailable. This study explores the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs), including both proprietary and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Changrong Xiao , Wenxing Ma , Qingping Song , Sean Xin Xu , Kunpeng Zhang , Yufang Wang , Qi Fu

Current state-of-art feature-engineered and end-to-end Automated Essay Score (AES) methods are proven to be unable to detect adversarial samples, e.g. the essays composed of permuted sentences and the prompt-irrelevant essays. Focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Jiawei Liu , Yang Xu , Yaguang Zhu

Deep-learning based Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) systems are being actively used by states and language testing agencies alike to evaluate millions of candidates for life-changing decisions ranging from college applications to visa…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Yaman Kumar Singla , Swapnil Parekh , Somesh Singh , Junyi Jessy Li , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Changyou Chen

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the generation of coherent essays, making AI-assisted writing increasingly common in educational and professional settings. Using large-scale empirical data, we examine and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yang Zhong , Jiangang Hao , Michael Fauss , Chen Li , Yuan Wang

This paper presents a novel Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) algorithm tailored for the Portuguese-language essays of Brazil's Exame Nacional do Ensino M\'edio (ENEM), addressing the challenges in traditional human grading systems. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Felipe Akio Matsuoka

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is an important aspect of natural language processing. Arabic has a complicated morphological and syntactic structure, posing a greater challenge than other languages. Even though modern neural models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ahlam Alrehili , Areej Alhothali

Question generation for education assessments is a growing field within artificial intelligence applied to education. These question-generation tools have significant importance in the educational technology domain, such as intelligent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Mohammad Tami , Huthaifa I. Ashqar , Mohammed Elhenawy

Although several methods were proposed to address the problem of automated essay scoring (AES) in the last 50 years, there is still much to desire in terms of effectiveness. Large Language Models (LLMs) are transformer-based models that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Watheq Mansour , Salam Albatarni , Sohaila Eltanbouly , Tamer Elsayed

Automated Essay Score (AES) is proven to be one of the cutting-edge technologies. Scoring techniques are used for various purposes. Reliable scores are calculated based on influential variables. Such variables can be computed by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Bagiya Lakshmi S , Sanjjushri Varshini R , Rohith Mahadevan , Raja CSP Raman

This study examines the effect of grammatical features in automatic essay scoring (AES). We use two kinds of grammatical features as input to an AES model: (1) grammatical items that writers used correctly in essays, and (2) the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Kosuke Doi , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura