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What enables large language models (LLMs) to effectively model user preferences in sequential recommendation? Our investigation reveals that existing preference-alignment approaches largely rely on binary pairwise comparisons, overlooking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zhongyu Ouyang , Qianlong Wen , Chunhui Zhang , Yanfang Ye , Soroush Vosoughi

Psychiatric intake is a sequential, high-stakes information-gathering process in which clinicians must decide what to ask, in what order, and how to interpret incomplete or ambiguous responses under limited time. Despite growing interest in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Guan Gui , Peter Zandi , Jacob Taylor , Ananya Joshi

An increasingly important building block of large scale machine learning systems is based on returning slates; an ordered lists of items given a query. Applications of this technology include: search, information retrieval and recommender…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Otmane Sakhi , David Rohde , Nicolas Chopin

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) and off-policy learning (OPL) are foundational for decision-making in offline contextual bandits. Recent advances in OPL primarily optimize OPE estimators with improved statistical properties, assuming that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-04 Imad Aouali , Otmane Sakhi

Offline policy learning (OPL) leverages existing data collected a priori for policy optimization without any active exploration. Despite the prevalence and recent interest in this problem, its theoretical and algorithmic foundations in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Thanh Nguyen-Tang , Sunil Gupta , A. Tuan Nguyen , Svetha Venkatesh

Information is often stored in a distributed and proprietary form, and agents who own information are often self-interested and require incentives to reveal their information. Suitable mechanisms are required to elicit and aggregate such…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Wenlong Wang , Thomas Pfeiffer

Contextual Multi-Armed Bandits is a well-known and accepted online optimization algorithm, that is used in many Web experiences to tailor content or presentation to users' traffic. Much has been published on theoretical guarantees (e.g.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-12 David Abensur , Ivan Balashov , Shaked Bar , Ronny Lempel , Nurit Moscovici , Ilan Orlov , Danny Rosenstein , Ido Tamir

The goal of off-policy evaluation (OPE) is to evaluate a new policy using historical data obtained via a behavior policy. However, because the contextual bandit algorithm updates the policy based on past observations, the samples are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Masahiro Kato , Yusuke Kaneko

This paper presents a concise review of Contextual Multi-Armed Bandit (CMAB) methods and introduces an experimental framework for scalable, interpretable offer selection, addressing the challenge of fast-changing offers. The approach models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Nikola Tankovic , Robert Sajina

Most existing large language models (LLMs) are expensive to adapt after deployment, especially when a task requires newly produced information or niche domain knowledge. Recent work has shown that, by manipulating and optimizing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zeyu Huang , Adhiguna Kuncoro , Qixuan Feng , Jiajun Shen , Lucio Dery , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

Contextual bandit learning is a reinforcement learning problem where the learner repeatedly receives a set of features (context), takes an action and receives a reward based on the action and context. We consider this problem under a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-05 Alekh Agarwal , Miroslav Dudík , Satyen Kale , John Langford , Robert E. Schapire

We present online boosting algorithms for multiclass classification with bandit feedback, where the learner only receives feedback about the correctness of its prediction. We propose an unbiased estimate of the loss using a randomized…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-26 Daniel T. Zhang , Young Hun Jung , Ambuj Tewari

A contextual bandit problem is studied in a highly non-stationary environment, which is ubiquitous in various recommender systems due to the time-varying interests of users. Two models with disjoint and hybrid payoffs are considered to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Xiao Xu , Fang Dong , Yanghua Li , Shaojian He , Xin Li

In aligning large language models (LLMs), utilizing feedback from existing advanced AI rather than humans is an important method to scale supervisory signals. However, it is highly challenging for AI to understand human intentions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Rong Bao , Rui Zheng , Shihan Dou , Xiao Wang , Enyu Zhou , Bo Wang , Qi Zhang , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao

We consider the contextual bandit problem on general action and context spaces, where the learner's rewards depend on their selected actions and an observable context. This generalizes the standard multi-armed bandit to the case where side…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-03 Moise Blanchard , Steve Hanneke , Patrick Jaillet

We analyze the unintended effects that recommender systems have on the preferences of users that they are learning. We consider a contextual multi-armed bandit recommendation algorithm that learns optimal product recommendations based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Prabhat Lankireddy , Jayakrishnan Nair , D Manjunath

We study contextual bandit (CB) problems, where the user can sometimes respond with the best action in a given context. Such an interaction arises, for example, in text prediction or autocompletion settings, where a poor suggestion is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Alekh Agarwal , Claudio Gentile , Teodor V. Marinov

Recently, deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has demonstrated promising performance for solving challenging tasks, such as long-term dependencies and non-Markovian environments. Its success is partly attributed to conditioning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenchang Duan , Yaoliang Yu , Jiwan He , Yi Shi

A fundamental challenge in contextual bandits is to develop flexible, general-purpose algorithms with computational requirements no worse than classical supervised learning tasks such as classification and regression. Algorithms based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Dylan J. Foster , Alexander Rakhlin

We propose a new sequential decision-making setting, combining key aspects of two established online learning problems with bandit feedback. The optimal action to play at any given moment is contingent on an underlying changing state which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Alexander Galozy , Slawomir Nowaczyk , Mattias Ohlsson