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This paper addresses critical gaps in Arabic language model evaluation by establishing comprehensive theoretical guidelines and introducing a novel evaluation framework. We first analyze existing Arabic evaluation datasets, identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Serry Sibaee , Omer Nacar , Adel Ammar , Yasser Al-Habashi , Abdulrahman Al-Batati , Wadii Boulila

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now integral to numerous industries, increasingly serving as the core reasoning engine for autonomous agents that perform complex tasks through tool-use. While the development of Arabic-native LLMs is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Konstantin Kubrak , Ahmed El-Moselhy , Ammar Alsulami , Remaz Altuwaim , Hassan Ismail Fawaz , Faisal Alsaby

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), respecting indigenous cultures becomes essential for models' culturally safety and responsible global applications. Existing studies separately consider cultural safety and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Hankun Kang , Di Lin , Zhirong Liao , Pengfei Bai , Xinyi Zeng , Jiawei Jiang , Yuanyuan Zhu , Tieyun Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate and shape cultural content, ranging from narrative writing to artistic production. While these models demonstrate impressive fluency and generative capacity, prior work has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 F. Carichon , R. Rampa , G. Farnadi

Multilingual language models (LMs) are expected to recall factual knowledge consistently across languages, yet they often fail to transfer knowledge between languages even when they possess the correct information in one of the languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Tushar Aggarwal , Kumar Tanmay , Ayush Agrawal , Kumar Ayush , Hamid Palangi , Paul Pu Liang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance in general machine translation, yet their ability in culture-aware scenarios remains poorly understood. To bridge this gap, we introduce CanMT, a Culture-Aware Novel-Driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zekun Yuan , Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Baohang Li , Qichen Hong , Yunfei Lu , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

Recent years have witnessed a significant interest in developing large multimodal models (LMMs) capable of performing various visual reasoning and understanding tasks. This has led to the introduction of multiple LMM benchmarks to evaluate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Sara Ghaboura , Ahmed Heakl , Omkar Thawakar , Ali Alharthi , Ines Riahi , Abduljalil Saif , Jorma Laaksonen , Fahad S. Khan , Salman Khan , Rao M. Anwer

Recent trends in LLMs development clearly show growing interest in the use and application of sovereign LLMs. The global debate over sovereign LLMs highlights the need for governments to develop their LLMs, tailored to their unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Kyubyung Chae , Gihoon Kim , Gyuseong Lee , Taesup Kim , Jaejin Lee , Heejin Kim

As the scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) has dramatically enhanced their capabilities, there has been a growing focus on the alignment problem to ensure their responsible and ethical use. While existing alignment efforts predominantly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuhang Wang , Yanxu Zhu , Chao Kong , Shuyu Wei , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xing Xie , Jitao Sang

In recent years, multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have become an inseparable part of daily life, making it crucial for them to master the rules of conversational language in order to communicate effectively with users. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ghazal Kalhor , Behnam Bahrak

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in diverse cultural environments, evaluating their cultural understanding capability has become essential for ensuring trustworthy and culturally aligned applications. However, most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jinghao Zhang , Sihang Jiang , Shiwei Guo , Shisong Chen , Yanghua Xiao , Hongwei Feng , Jiaqing Liang , Minggui HE , Shimin Tao , Hongxia Ma

Existing benchmarks that measure cultural adaptation in LLMs are misaligned with the actual challenges these models face when interacting with users from diverse cultural backgrounds. In this work, we introduce the first framework and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shreya Havaldar , Sunny Rai , Young-Min Cho , Lyle Ungar

As Large Language Models (LLMs) becomes a popular source for religious knowledge, it is important to know if it treats different groups fairly. This study is the first to measure how LLMs handle the differences between the two main sects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Aditya Maheshwari , Amit Gajkeshwar , Kaushal Sharma , Vivek Patel

Language Models (LMs) are primarily evaluated on globally popular sports, often overlooking regional and indigenous sporting traditions. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{\textit{CultSportQA}}, a benchmark designed to assess LMs'…

LLMs as intelligent agents are being increasingly applied in scenarios where human interactions are involved, leading to a critical concern about whether LLMs are faithful to the variations in culture across regions. Several works have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Nicholas Sukiennik , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in natural language generation, but remain susceptible to hallucination. In response to growing concerns about hallucinations, several benchmarks have been developed, primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Aisha Alansari , Hamzah Luqman

Recent progress in NLP research has demonstrated remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks. While recent multilingual benchmarks have advanced cultural evaluation for LLMs, critical gaps remain in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nafis Chowdhury , Moinul Haque , Anika Ahmed , Nazia Tasnim , Md. Istiak Hossain Shihab , Sajjadur Rahman , Farig Sadeque

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to users around the world, they are integrated into everyday tasks across diverse cultural contexts, from drafting personal communications to brainstorming creative ideas. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jiho Jin , Junho Myung , Juhyun Oh , Junyeong Park , Rifki Afina Putri , Sunipa Dev , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Alice Oh