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We present an exact $n$-qubit computational-basis amplitude encoder of real- or complex-valued data vectors of $d=\binom{n}{k}$ components into a subspace of fixed Hamming weight $k$. This represents a polynomial space compression of degree…

Quantum algorithms require encoding classical vectors as quantum states, a step known as amplitude encoding. General-purpose routines produce circuits with $\bigO{2^m}$ gates for vectors of length $N = 2^m$. However, vectors arising in…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Krishnan Suresh , Sanjay Suresh

Efficient methods for loading given classical data into quantum circuits are essential for various quantum algorithms. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called Approximate Amplitude Encoding that can effectively load all the components…

Quantum computers provide a fundamentally new computing paradigm that promises to revolutionize our ability to solve broad classes of problems. Surprisingly, the basic mathematical structures of gate-based quantum computing, such as unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-20 Brian R. La Cour , S. Andrew Lanham , Corey I. Ostrove

A quantum computer directly manipulates information stored in the state of quantum mechanical systems. The available operations have many attractive features but also underly severe restrictions, which complicate the design of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Sos S. Agaian , Andreas Klappenecker

The theory of quantum algorithms promises unprecedented benefits of harnessing the laws of quantum mechanics for solving certain computational problems. A persistent obstacle to using such algorithms for solving a wide range of real-world…

This document describes a family of quantum circuits which load classical data into a quantum state. When loading $N$ classical bits, the result quantum state is of order $\log_2(N)$ qubits. Furthermore the gate depth of the data loading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-07 John A. Cortese , Timothy M. Braje

Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation, quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers. This paper tackles two pivotal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Ming-Hao Wang , Hua Lu

Encoding classical data into quantum states is a central bottleneck in quantum machine learning: many widely used encodings are circuit-inefficient, requiring deep circuits and substantial quantum resources, which limits scalability on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Guang Lin , Toshihisa Tanaka , Qibin Zhao

Efficient encoding of classical data into quantum state -- currently referred to as quantum encoding -- holds crucial significance in quantum computation. For finite-size databases and qubit registers, a common strategy of the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Jaehee Kim , Taewan Kim , Kyunghyun Baek , Yongsoo Hwang , Joonsuk Huh , Jeongho Bang

Emerging quantum algorithms that process data require that classical input data be represented as a quantum state. These data-processing algorithms often follow the gate model of quantum computing--which requires qubits to be initialized to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Aviraj Sinha , Elena R. Henderson , Jessie M. Henderson , Mitchell A. Thornton

Quantum algorithms present a quadratically improved complexity over classical ones for certain sampling tasks. For instance, the Quantum Amplitude Estimation (QAE) algorithm promises to speedup the estimation of the mean of certain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Baptiste Claudon , Sergi Ramos-Calderer , Jean-Philip Piquemal

For quantum algorithms for problems in which the task is to compute an entire field of values, like e.g. computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is often proposed amplitude encoding w.r.t. multiple qubits; however, the efforts implied by it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Hans A. Kösel , Roland Ewert , Jan W. Delfs

Quantum amplitude estimation is a key sub-routine of a number of quantum algorithms with various applications. We propose an adaptive algorithm for interval estimation of amplitudes. The quantum part of the algorithm is based only on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-20 Yunpeng Zhao , Haiyan Wang , Kuai Xu , Yue Wang , Ji Zhu , Feng Wang

Nearest-neighbour clustering is a powerful set of heuristic algorithms that find natural application in the decoding of signals transmitted using the M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) protocol. Lloyd et al. proposed a quantum…

Markov chain methods are remarkably successful in computational physics, machine learning, and combinatorial optimization. The cost of such methods often reduces to the mixing time, i.e., the time required to reach the steady state of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-15 Davide Orsucci , Hans J. Briegel , Vedran Dunjko

Complex quantum circuits are constituted by combinations of quantum subroutines. The computation is possible as long as the quantum data encoding is consistent throughout the circuit. Despite its fundamental importance, the formalization of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Gabriele Agliardi , Enrico Prati

One of the crucial generic techniques for quantum computation is amplitude encoding. Although several approaches have been proposed, each of them often requires exponential classical-computational cost or an oracle whose explicit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-06 Taichi Kosugi , Shunsuke Daimon , Hirofumi Nishi , Shinji Tsuneyuki , Yu-ichiro Matsushita

A prerequisite for many quantum information processing tasks to truly surpass classical approaches is an efficient procedure to encode classical data in quantum superposition states. In this work, we present a circuit-based flip-flop…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-18 Daniel K. Park , Francesco Petruccione , June-Koo Kevin Rhee

We present a quantum Viterbi algorithm (QVA) with better than classical performance under certain conditions. In this paper the proposed algorithm is applied to decoding classical convolutional codes, for instance; large constraint length…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Jon R. Grice , David A. Meyer