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The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether such systems just learn an enormous collection of superficial statistics or a set of more coherent and grounded representations that reflect the real world.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Wes Gurnee , Max Tegmark

One of the major aspects contributing to the striking performance of large language models (LLMs) is the vast amount of factual knowledge accumulated during pre-training. Yet, many LLMs suffer from self-inconsistency, which raises doubts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Anastasiia Sedova , Robert Litschko , Diego Frassinelli , Benjamin Roth , Barbara Plank

This study investigates the behaviors of Large Language Models (LLMs) when faced with conflicting prompts versus their internal memory. This will not only help to understand LLMs' decision mechanism but also benefit real-world applications,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Jiahao Ying , Yixin Cao , Kai Xiong , Yidong He , Long Cui , Yongbin Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as sources of historical information, motivating the need for scalable audits on contested events and politically charged narratives in settings that mirror real user interactions. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Francesco Ortu , Joeun Yook , Punya Syon Pandey , Keenan Samway , Bernhard Schölkopf , Alberto Cazzaniga , Rada Mihalcea , Zhijing Jin

The increasing acceptance of large language models (LLMs) as an alternative to knowledge sources marks a significant paradigm shift across various domains, including time-sensitive fields such as law, healthcare, and finance. To fulfill…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ashutosh Bajpai , Tanmoy Chakraborty

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to gain popularity due to their human-like traits and the intimacy they offer to users, their societal impact inevitably expands. This leads to the rising necessity for comprehensive studies to fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Bojana Bodroza , Bojana M. Dinic , Ljubisa Bojic

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been found to struggle with systematic reasoning. Even on tasks where they appear to perform well, their performance often depends on shortcuts, rather than on genuine reasoning abilities, leading them to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Irtaza Khalid , Amir Masoud Nourollah , Steven Schockaert

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn significant attention due to their outstanding reasoning capabilities and extensive knowledge repository, positioning them as superior in handling various natural language processing tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Han Cao , Lingwei Wei , Mengyang Chen , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

Automated fact verification plays an essential role in fostering trust in the digital space. Despite the growing interest, the verification of temporal facts has not received much attention in the community. Temporal fact verification…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Anab Maulana Barik , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee

This study addresses the challenges of analyzing temporal discrepancies in large language models (LLMs) trained on data from different time periods. To facilitate the automatic exploration of these differences, we propose a novel system…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Reinhard Friedrich Fritsch , Adam Jatowt

In this study, we address the challenge of enhancing temporal knowledge reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). LLMs often struggle with this task, leading to the generation of inaccurate or misleading responses. This issue mainly arises…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Ziyang Chen , Dongfang Li , Xiang Zhao , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

When deploying LLMs in agentic architectures requiring real-time decisions under temporal constraints, we assume they reliably determine whether action windows remain open or have closed. This assumption is untested. We characterize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Javier Marín

This study examines how Large Language Models (LLMs) perform when tackling quantitative management decision problems in a zero-shot setting. Drawing on 900 responses generated by five leading models across 20 diverse managerial scenarios,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jonathan Kuzmanko

Facts are subject to contingencies and can be true or false in different circumstances. One such contingency is time, wherein some facts mutate over a given period, e.g., the president of a country or the winner of a championship.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Constanza Fierro , Nicolas Garneau , Emanuele Bugliarello , Yova Kementchedjhieva , Anders Søgaard

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong performance on Theory of Mind (ToM) tests, prompting debate about the nature and true performance of the underlying capabilities. At the same time, reasoning-oriented LLMs trained via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ian B. de Haan , Peter van der Putten , Max van Duijn

While the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in analytical tasks such as mathematics and code generation, their utility for abstractive summarization remains widely assumed but largely unverified. To bridge this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Haohan Yuan , Haopeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are a type of machine learning tool that economists have started to apply in their empirical research. One such application is macroeconomic forecasting with backtesting of LLMs, even though they are trained on…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-31 Alexander Eliseev , Sergei Seleznev

Logical reasoning consistently plays a fundamental and significant role in the domains of knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a noteworthy innovation in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jiawei Han , Tianzhe Zhao , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to perform tasks with minimal human oversight, it is crucial that these models operate robustly. In particular, a model that can solve a given problem should not fail simply because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Philipp Mondorf , Samuel J. Bell , Jesse Dodge , Dieuwke Hupkes

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly contributed to the development of equitable AI systems capable of factual question-answering (QA). However, no known study tests the LLMs' robustness when presented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shubhra Ghosh , Abhilekh Borah , Aditya Kumar Guru , Kripabandhu Ghosh