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The use of Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) is a promising field for the development of tools tailored to specific problem spaces, effectively diminishing the complexity of hand-made software. With the goal of making models as precise,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Fernando Macías , Uwe Wolter , Adrian Rutle , Francisco Durán , Roberto Rodriguez-Echeverria

A Behavior Tree (BT) is a way to structure the switching between different tasks in an autonomous agent, such as a robot or a virtual entity in a computer game. BTs are a very efficient way of creating complex systems that are both modular…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Michele Colledanchise , Petter Ögren

We propose a design for a functional programming language for autonomous agents, built off the ideas and motivations of Behavior Trees (BTs). BTs are a popular model for designing agents behavior in robotics and AI. However, as their growth…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Oliver Biggar , Iman Shames

Behavior trees (BTs) are an optimally modular framework to assemble hierarchical hybrid control policies from a set of low-level control policies using a tree structure. Many robotic tasks are naturally decomposed into a hierarchy of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-21 Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Petter Ögren

Behavior Trees are a task switching policy representation that can grant reactiveness and fault tolerance. Moreover, because of their structure and modularity, a variety of methods can be used to generate them automatically. In this short…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Matteo Iovino , Christian Smith

We introduce a novel framework for automatic behavior tree (BT) construction in heterogeneous multi-robot systems, designed to address the challenges of adaptability and robustness in dynamic environments. Traditional robots are limited by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chaoran Wang , Jingyuan Sun , Yanhui Zhang , Mingyu Zhang , Changju Wu

Quality requirements typically differ among software features, e.g., due to different usage contexts of the features, different impacts of related quality deficiencies onto overall user satisfaction, or long-term plans of the developing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Philipp Haindl , Reinhold Plösch

Objective: Effective collaboration between machines and clinicians requires flexible data structures to represent medical processes and clinical practice guidelines. Such a data structure could enable effective turn-taking between human and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Blake Hannaford , Randall Bly , Ian Humphreys , Mark Whipple

Behavior Trees (BTs) provide a structured and reactive framework for decision-making, commonly used to switch between sub-controllers based on environmental conditions. Reinforcement Learning (RL), on the other hand, can learn near-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Finn Rietz , Mart Kartašev , Petter Ögren , Johannes A. Stork

Robots are increasingly deployed across diverse domains and designed for multi-purpose operation. As robotic systems grow in complexity and operate in dynamic environments, the need for structured, expressive, and scalable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Gianluca Filippone , Sara Pettinari , Patrizio Pelliccione

In this paper we will give a control theoretic perspective on the research area of behavior trees in robotics. The key idea underlying behavior trees is to make use of modularity, hierarchies and feedback, in order to handle the complexity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Petter Ögren , Christopher I. Sprague

Reuse is a key technique for a more efficient development and ensures the quality of the results. In object technology explicit encapsulation, interfaces, and inheritance are well known principles for independent development that enable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-09-24 Holger Krahn , Bernhard Rumpe , Stefan Völkel

The quality of software products tends to correlate with the quality of the abstractions adopted early in the design process. Acknowledging this tendency has led to the development of various tools and methodologies for modeling systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Nikolaj Kühne Jakobsen

Mobile and general-purpose robots increasingly support our everyday life, requiring dependable robotics control software. Creating such software mainly amounts to implementing their complex behaviors known as missions. Recognizing the need,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Claudio Menghi , Christos Tsigkanos , Patrizio Pelliccione , Carlo Ghezzi , Thorsten Berger

Behavior Trees (BT) are becoming increasingly popular in the robotics community. The BT tool is well suited for decision-making applications allowing a robot to perform complex behavior while being explainable to humans as well. Verifying…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Matteo Tadiello , Elena Troubitsyna

Robotic systems for manipulation tasks are increasingly expected to be easy to configure for new tasks or unpredictable environments, while keeping a transparent policy that is readable and verifiable by humans. We propose the method…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Jonathan Styrud , Matteo Iovino , Mikael Norrlöf , Mårten Björkman , Christian Smith

This paper is an extension to an early presented programming language, called a domain specific language. This paper extends the proposed concept with new sensors and behaviours to address real-life situations. The functionality was tested…

Multimodal systems, which process multiple input types such as text, audio, and images, are becoming increasingly prevalent in software systems, enabled by the huge advancements in Machine Learning. This triggers the need to easily define…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Marcos Gomez-Vazquez , Jordi Cabot

Robotic assembly tasks remain an open challenge due to their long horizon nature and complex part relations. Behavior trees (BTs) are increasingly used in robot task planning for their modularity and flexibility, but creating them manually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Jicong Ao , Fan Wu , Yansong Wu , Abdalla Swikir , Sami Haddadin

Background:Technical systems are growing in complexity with more components and functions across various disciplines. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) helps manage this complexity by using models as key artifacts. Domain-Specific Languages…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Simon Raedler , Luca Berardinelli , Karolin Winter , Abbas Rahimi , Stefanie Rinderle-Ma