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In this paper, two approximate 3*3 multipliers are proposed and the synthesis results of the ASAP-7nm process library justify that they can reduce the area by 31.38% and 36.17%, and the power consumption by 36.73% and 35.66% compared with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Yao Lu , Jide Zhang , Su Zheng , Zhen Li , Lingli Wang

The effectiveness of deep neural networks (DNN) in vision, speech, and language processing has prompted a tremendous demand for energy-efficient high-performance DNN inference systems. Due to the increasing memory intensity of most DNN…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Skanda Koppula , Lois Orosa , Abdullah Giray Yağlıkçı , Roknoddin Azizi , Taha Shahroodi , Konstantinos Kanellopoulos , Onur Mutlu

Energy efficiency of hardware accelerators of deep neural networks (DNN) can be improved by introducing approximate arithmetic circuits. In order to quantify the error introduced by using these circuits and avoid the expensive hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Filip Vaverka , Vojtech Mrazek , Zdenek Vasicek , Lukas Sekanina

Approximate computing offers promising energy efficiency benefits for error-tolerant applications, but discovering optimal approximations requires extensive design space exploration (DSE). Predicting the accuracy of circuits composed of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ondrej Vlcek , Vojtech Mrazek

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) rely heavily on dense arithmetic operations, motivating the use of Approximate Multipliers (AxMs) to reduce energy consumption in hardware accelerators. However, a rigorous mathematical characterization of how…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-09 A. M. H. H. Alahakoon , Hassaan Saadat , Darshana Jayasinghe , Sri Parameswaran

The design and implementation of Deep Learning (DL) models is currently receiving a lot of attention from both industrials and academics. However, the computational workload associated with DL is often out of reach for low-power embedded…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Etienne Dupuis , Silviu-Ioan Filip , Olivier Sentieys , David Novo , Ian O'Connor , Alberto Bosio

Approximate circuits have been developed to provide good tradeoffs between power consumption and quality of service in error resilient applications such as hardware accelerators of deep neural networks (DNN). In order to accelerate the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Vojtech Mrazek , Lukas Sekanina , Zdenek Vasicek

The rapid growth of Machine Learning (ML) has increased demand for DNN hardware accelerators, but their embodied carbon footprint poses significant environmental challenges. This paper leverages approximate computing to design sustainable…

Approximate computing is known for enhancing deep neural network accelerators' energy efficiency by introducing inexactness with a tolerable accuracy loss. However, small accuracy variations may increase the sensitivity of these…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Ayesha Siddique , Khaza Anuarul Hoque

A widely-used technique in designing energy-efficient deep neural network (DNN) accelerators is quantization. Recent progress in this direction has reduced the bitwidths used in DNN down to 2. Meanwhile, many prior works apply approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Yi Ren , Ruge Xu , Xinfei Guo , Weikang Qian

Current state-of-the-art employs approximate multipliers to address the highly increased power demands of DNN accelerators. However, evaluating the accuracy of approximate DNNs is cumbersome due to the lack of adequate support for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Dimitrios Danopoulos , Georgios Zervakis , Kostas Siozios , Dimitrios Soudris , Jörg Henkel

Edge computing must be capable of executing computationally intensive algorithms, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) while operating within a constrained computational resource budget. Such computations involve Matrix Vector…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Arani Roy , Kaushik Roy

The computation and storage requirements for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are usually high. This issue limits their deployability on ubiquitous computing devices such as smart phones, wearables and autonomous drones. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Hande Alemdar , Vincent Leroy , Adrien Prost-Boucle , Frédéric Pétrot

The success of deep neural networks (DNNs) is attributable to three factors: increased compute capacity, more complex models, and more data. These factors, however, are not always present, especially for edge applications such as autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Bichen Wu

In this paper, we propose an elegant solution that is directly addressing the bottlenecks of the traditional deep learning approaches and offers a clearly explainable internal architecture that can outperform the existing methods, requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Plamen Angelov , Eduardo Soares

The increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions has led to the emergence of an approximate computing paradigm that enables power-efficient implementations in various application areas such as image and data processing. The median…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Vojtech Mrazek , Zdenek Vasicek

As Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) continue to drive advancements in artificial intelligence, the design of hardware accelerators faces growing concerns over embodied carbon footprint due to complex fabrication processes. 3D integration…

This paper aims to accelerate the test-time computation of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Unlike existing methods that are designed for approximating linear filters or linear responses, our method takes the nonlinear units into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-11-18 Xiangyu Zhang , Jianhua Zou , Xiang Ming , Kaiming He , Jian Sun

The increasing adoption of approximate computing in deep neural network accelerators (AxDNNs) promises significant energy efficiency gains. However, permanent faults in AxDNNs can severely degrade their performance compared to their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Khurram Khalil , Khaza Anuarul Hoque

The unprecedented performance of deep neural networks (DNNs) has led to large strides in various Artificial Intelligence (AI) inference tasks, such as object and speech recognition. Nevertheless, deploying such AI models across commodity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Stylianos I. Venieris , Ioannis Panopoulos , Ilias Leontiadis , Iakovos S. Venieris