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Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) offer transformative potential for high-stakes domains like finance and law, but their tendency to hallucinate, generating factually incorrect or unsupported content, poses a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Ahmad Pesaranghader , Erin Li

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, yet they frequently generate hallucinations outputs that are fluent but factually incorrect or unsupported. We propose Counterfactual Probing, a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yijun Feng

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have recently achieved strong performance across various audio-centric tasks. However, hallucination, where models generate responses that are semantically incorrect or acoustically unsupported, remains…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Feiyu Zhao , Yiming Chen , Wenhuan Lu , Daipeng Zhang , Xianghu Yue , Jianguo Wei

Since the introduction of ChatGPT, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant utility in various tasks, such as answering questions through retrieval-augmented generation. Context can be retrieved using a vectorized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ming Cheung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have inherent limitations of faithfulness and factuality, commonly referred to as hallucinations. Several benchmarks have been developed that provide a test bed for factuality evaluation within the context of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ernests Lavrinovics , Russa Biswas , Katja Hose , Johannes Bjerva

The propensity of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate hallucinations and non-factual content undermines their reliability in high-stakes domains, where rigorous control over Type I errors (the conditional probability of incorrectly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Fan Nie , Xiaotian Hou , Shuhang Lin , James Zou , Huaxiu Yao , Linjun Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in multimodal understanding, reasoning, and interaction. However, existing MLLMs prevalently suffer from serious hallucination problems, generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Tianyu Yu , Yuan Yao , Haoye Zhang , Taiwen He , Yifeng Han , Ganqu Cui , Jinyi Hu , Zhiyuan Liu , Hai-Tao Zheng , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel in general domains but struggle with complex, real-world science. We posit that polymer science, an interdisciplinary field spanning chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering, is an ideal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Wanhao Liu , Weida Wang , Jiaqing Xie , Suorong Yang , Jue Wang , Benteng Chen , Guangtao Mei , Zonglin Yang , Shufei Zhang , Yuchun Mo , Lang Cheng , Jin Zeng , Houqiang Li , Wanli Ouyang , Yuqiang Li

Recent research on query generation has focused on using Large Language Models (LLMs), which despite bringing state-of-the-art performance, also introduce issues with hallucinations in the generated queries. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zhongxiang Sun , Zihua Si , Xiaoxue Zang , Kai Zheng , Yang Song , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu

Hallucination is a persistent issue affecting all large language Models (LLMs), particularly within low-resource languages such as Persian. PerHalluEval (Persian Hallucination Evaluation) is the first dynamic hallucination evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Mohammad Hosseini , Kimia Hosseini , Shayan Bali , Zahra Zanjani , Saeedeh Momtazi

Hallucinations are one of the major problems of LLMs, hindering their trustworthiness and deployment to wider use cases. However, most of the research on hallucinations focuses on English data, neglecting the multilingual nature of LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Miriam Anschütz , Ekaterina Gikalo , Niklas Herbster , Georg Groh

Multilingual falsehoods threaten information integrity worldwide, yet detection benchmarks remain confined to English or a few high-resource languages, leaving low-resource linguistic communities without robust defense tools. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jason Lucas , Matt Murtagh-White , Adaku Uchendu , Ali Al-Lawati , Michiharu Yamashita , Dominik Macko , Ivan Srba , Robert Moro , Dongwon Lee

Despite making significant progress in multi-modal tasks, current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) encounter the significant challenge of hallucinations, which may lead to harmful consequences. Therefore, evaluating MLLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Junyang Wang , Yuhang Wang , Guohai Xu , Jing Zhang , Yukai Gu , Haitao Jia , Jiaqi Wang , Haiyang Xu , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Jitao Sang

Hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) refer to the phenomenon of LLMs producing responses that are coherent yet factually inaccurate. This issue undermines the effectiveness of LLMs in practical applications, necessitating research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Weihang Su , Changyue Wang , Qingyao Ai , Yiran HU , Zhijing Wu , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have become pervasive in our everyday life. Yet, a fundamental obstacle prevents their use in many critical applications: their propensity to generate fluent, human-quality content that is not grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kensuke Mitsuzawa , Damien Garreau

Recent development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has attracted growing attention within the AI landscape for its practical implementation potential. However, ``hallucination'', or more specifically, the misalignment between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Hanchao Liu , Wenyuan Xue , Yifei Chen , Dapeng Chen , Xiutian Zhao , Ke Wang , Liping Hou , Rongjun Li , Wei Peng

The tendency of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate hallucinations raises concerns regarding their reliability. Therefore, confidence estimations indicating the extent of trustworthiness of the generations become essential. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Boyang Xue , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Zezhong Wang , Yiming Du , Bin Liang , Wenxuan Zhang , Kam-Fai Wong

Despite tremendous advancements in large language models (LLMs) over recent years, a notably urgent challenge for their practical deployment is the phenomenon of hallucination, where the model fabricates facts and produces non-factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Derui Zhu , Dingfan Chen , Qing Li , Zongxiong Chen , Lei Ma , Jens Grossklags , Mario Fritz

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved rapid progress in vision-language understanding, they remain prone to multimodal hallucinations, producing responses that are inconsistent with the visual input. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shizhe Zhou , Bohan Jia , Kai Wu , Yan Shen , Tongyun Li , Yuyang Wu , Shaohui Lin

In our era of widespread false information, human fact-checkers often face the challenge of duplicating efforts when verifying claims that may have already been addressed in other countries or languages. As false information transcends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ivan Vykopal , Matúš Pikuliak , Simon Ostermann , Tatiana Anikina , Michal Gregor , Marián Šimko