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Vehicles with Automated Driving Systems (ADS) operate in a high-dimensional continuous system with multi-agent interactions. This continuous system features various types of traffic agents (non-homogeneous) governed by continuous-motion…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Bowen Weng , Sughosh J. Rao , Eeshan Deosthale , Scott Schnelle , Frank Barickman

High-level Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs), such as Google Waymo and Baidu Apollo, typically rely on multi-sensor fusion (MSF) based approaches to perceive their surroundings. This strategy increases perception robustness by combining the…

The foundational role of datasets in defining the capabilities of deep learning models has led to their rapid proliferation. At the same time, published research focusing on the process of dataset development for environment perception in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Felix Grün , Marcus Nolte , Markus Maurer

One of the fundamental tasks of autonomous driving is safe trajectory planning, the task of deciding where the vehicle needs to drive, while avoiding obstacles, obeying safety rules, and respecting the fundamental limits of road. Real-world…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Milin Patel , Marzana Khatun , Rolf Jung , Michael Glaß

Simulation-based testing has emerged as an essential tool for verifying and validating autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, contemporary methodologies, such as deterministic and imitation learning-based driver models, struggle to capture the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Cheng Wang , Lingxin Kong , Massimiliano Tamborski , Stefano V. Albrecht

Autonomous cars can reduce road traffic accidents and provide a safer mode of transport. However, key technical challenges, such as safe navigation in complex urban environments, need to be addressed before deploying these vehicles on the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Smit Saparia , Andreas Schimpe , Laura Ferranti

For the optimum design of a driver-automation shared control system, an understanding of driver behavior based on measurements and modeling is crucial early in the development process. This paper presents a driver model through a weighting…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Zheng Wang , Rencheng Zheng , Edric John Cruz Nacpil , Kimihiko Nakano

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Scenario-based testing with driving simulators is extensively used to identify failing conditions of automated driving assistance systems (ADAS). However, existing studies have shown that repeated test execution in the same as well as in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Lev Sorokin , Matteo Biagiola , Andrea Stocco

Semi-autonomous driving, as it is already available today and will eventually become even more accessible, implies the need for driver and automation system to reliably work together in order to ensure safe driving. A particular challenge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jakob Suchan , Jan-Patrick Osterloh

Lateral assistance systems are a significant part of the currently existing Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS). In most cases, such systems provide intermittent audio and haptic feedback rather than continuous feedback, making it…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Gyanendra Sharma , Hiroshi Yasuda , Manuel Kuehner

Traffic simulation is essential for autonomous vehicle (AV) development, enabling comprehensive safety evaluation across diverse driving conditions. However, traditional rule-based simulators struggle to capture complex human interactions,…

Validating Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is a strategic issue, since such systems are becoming increasingly widespread in the automotive field. ADAS bring extra comfort to drivers, and this has become a selling point. But these…

As various driving automation system (DAS) are commonly used in the vehicle, the over-trust in the DAS may put the driver in the risk. In order to prevent the over-trust while driving, the trust state of the driver should be recognized.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Hailong Liu , Toshihiro Hiraoka , Seiya Tanaka

Predicting the behaviour (i.e., manoeuvre/trajectory) of other road users, including vehicles, is critical for the safe and efficient operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs), a.k.a., automated driving systems (ADSs). Due to the uncertain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Sajjad Mozaffari , Mreza Alipour Sormoli , Konstantinos Koufos , Mehrdad Dianati

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have made driving safer over the last decade. They prepare vehicles for unsafe road conditions and alert drivers if they perform a dangerous maneuver. However, many accidents are unavoidable because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-09-22 Ashesh Jain , Hema S. Koppula , Bharad Raghavan , Shane Soh , Ashutosh Saxena

Human drivers possess spatial and causal intelligence, enabling them to perceive driving scenarios, anticipate hazards, and react to dynamic environments. In contrast, autonomous vehicles lack these abilities, making it challenging to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Shucheng Huang , Freda Shi , Chen Sun , Jiaming Zhong , Minghao Ning , Yufeng Yang , Yukun Lu , Hong Wang , Amir Khajepour

This paper focuses on safety performance testing and characterization of black-box highly automated vehicles (HAV). Existing testing approaches typically obtain the testing outcomes by deploying the HAV into a specific testing environment.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Minghao Zhu , Anmol Sidhu , Keith A. Redmill

Simulation-based testing is the standard practice for assessing the reliability of self-driving cars' software before deployment. Existing bug-finding techniques are either unreliable or expensive. We build on the insight that near misses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 M M Abid Naziri , Stefano Carlo Lambertenghi , Andrea Stocco , Marcelo d'Amorim

Level 3 automated driving systems (ADS) have attracted significant attention and are being commercialized. A level 3 ADS prompts the driver to take control by issuing a request to intervene (RtI) when its operational design domains (ODD)…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Ryuji Matsuo , Hailong Liu , Toshihiro Hiraoka , Takahiro Wada