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Related papers: Towards properly implementing Theory of Mind in AI…

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Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states to others, the basis of human cognition. At present, there has been growing interest in the AI with cognitive abilities, for example in healthcare and the motoring industry.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Yuanyuan Mao , Shuang Liu , Pengshuai Zhao , Qin Ni , Xin Lin , Liang He

Theory of Mind (ToM) -- the ability to understand that others can have differing knowledge and goals -- enables agents to reason about others' beliefs while planning their own actions. We present a novel approach to multi-agent cooperation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riddhi J. Pitliya , Ozan Çatal , Toon Van de Maele , Corrado Pezzato , Tim Verbelen

Theory of Mind (ToM) significantly impacts human collaboration and communication as a crucial capability to understand others. When AI agents with ToM capability collaborate with humans, Mutual Theory of Mind (MToM) arises in such human-AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Shao Zhang , Xihuai Wang , Wenhao Zhang , Yongshan Chen , Landi Gao , Dakuo Wang , Weinan Zhang , Xinbing Wang , Ying Wen

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a fundamental cognitive architecture that endows humans with the ability to attribute mental states to others. Humans infer the desires, beliefs, and intentions of others by observing their behavior and, in turn,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Chuang Yu , Baris Serhan , Angelo Cangelosi

Theory of Mind (ToM) -- the ability to infer what others are thinking (e.g., intentions) from observable cues -- is traditionally considered fundamental to human social interactions. This has sparked growing efforts in building and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Qiaosi Wang , Jini Kim , Avanita Sharma , Alicia , Lee , Jodi Forlizzi , Hong Shen

Within the context of human-robot interaction (HRI), Theory of Mind (ToM) is intended to serve as a user-friendly backend to the interface of robotic systems, enabling robots to infer and respond to human mental states. When integrated into…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Marie S. Bauer , Julia Gachot , Matthias Kerzel , Cornelius Weber , Stefan Wermter

Social intelligence manifests the capability, often referred to as the Theory of Mind (ToM), to discern others' behavioral intentions, beliefs, and other mental states. ToM is especially important in multi-agent and human-machine…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhuoya Zhao , Feifei Zhao , Shiwen Wang , Yinqian Sun , Yi Zeng

When researchers claim AI systems possess ToM or mental models, they are fundamentally discussing behavioral predictions and bias corrections rather than genuine mental states. This position paper argues that the current discourse conflates…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Xiaoyun Yin , Elmira Zahmat Doost , Shiwen Zhou , Garima Arya Yadav , Jamie C. Gorman

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and knowledge, to oneself and others, and to understand that these mental states can differ from one's own and from reality. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Anirban Mukherjee , Hannah Hanwen Chang

New developments are enabling AI systems to perceive, recognize, and respond with social cues based on inferences made from humans' explicit or implicit behavioral and verbal cues. These AI systems, equipped with an equivalent of human's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Qiaosi Wang , Ashok K. Goel

Existing approaches to Theory of Mind (ToM) in Artificial Intelligence (AI) overemphasize prompted, or cue-based, ToM, which may limit our collective ability to develop Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI). Drawing from research in computer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Nikolos Gurney , David V. Pynadath , Volkan Ustun

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand human thinking and decision-making, an ability that plays a crucial role in social interaction between people, including linguistic communication. This paper investigates to what extent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Bart Holterman , Kees van Deemter

Being able to predict the mental states of others is a key factor to effective social interaction. It is also crucial for distributed multi-agent systems, where agents are required to communicate and cooperate. In this paper, we introduce…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yuanfei Wang , Fangwei Zhong , Jing Xu , Yizhou Wang

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to reason about others' mental states, and higher-order ToM involves considering that others also possess their own ToM. Equipping large language model (LLM)-driven agents with ToM has long been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Chunjiang Mu , Ya Zeng , Qiaosheng Zhang , Kun Shao , Chen Chu , Hao Guo , Danyang Jia , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu

Currently, in the study of multiagent systems, the intentions of agents are usually ignored. Nonetheless, as pointed out by Theory of Mind (ToM), people regularly reason about other's mental states, including beliefs, goals, and intentions,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Luyao Yuan , Zipeng Fu , Linqi Zhou , Kexin Yang , Song-Chun Zhu

We present a new explainable AI (XAI) framework aimed at increasing justified human trust and reliance in the AI machine through explanations. We pose explanation as an iterative communication process, i.e. dialog, between the machine and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Arjun R. Akula , Changsong Liu , Sari Saba-Sadiya , Hongjing Lu , Sinisa Todorovic , Joyce Y. Chai , Song-Chun Zhu

Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities in LLMs have recently become a central object of investigation. Cognitive science distinguishes between two steps required for ToM tasks: 1) determine whether to invoke ToM, which includes the appropriate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Eitan Wagner , Nitay Alon , Joseph M. Barnby , Omri Abend

Theory of Mind is the ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, knowledge, perspectives, etc.) to others and recognize that these mental states may differ from one's own. Theory of Mind is critical to effective communication and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Arjun Chandrasekaran , Deshraj Yadav , Prithvijit Chattopadhyay , Viraj Prabhu , Devi Parikh

Humans learn from observations and experiences to adjust their behaviours towards better performance. Interacting with such dynamic humans is challenging, as the robot needs to predict the humans accurately for safe and efficient…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yuwen Liao , Muqing Cao , Xinhang Xu , Lihua Xie

Social reasoning necessitates the capacity of theory of mind (ToM), the ability to contextualise and attribute mental states to others without having access to their internal cognitive structure. Recent machine learning approaches to ToM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Dung Nguyen , Phuoc Nguyen , Hung Le , Kien Do , Svetha Venkatesh , Truyen Tran
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