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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by biological neural mechanisms, represent a promising neuromorphic computing paradigm that offers energy-efficient alternatives to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Despite proven…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zeyang Song , Shimin Zhang , Yuhong Chou , Jibin Wu , Haizhou Li

Spike-based Transformer presents a compelling and energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based Transformers, achieving impressive results through sparse binary computations. However, existing spike-based…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Donghyun Lee , Yuhang Li , Youngeun Kim , Shiting Xiao , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have a low-power advantage but perform poorly in image segmentation tasks. The reason is that directly converting neural networks with complex architectural designs for segmentation tasks into spiking versions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Zhenxin Lei , Man Yao , Jiakui Hu , Xinhao Luo , Yanye Lu , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

The remarkable success of Vision Transformers in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has led to a growing interest in incorporating the self-attention mechanism and transformer-based architecture into Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). While…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Xinyu Shi , Zecheng Hao , Zhaofei Yu

Foundational models based on the transformer architecture are currently the state-of-the-art in general language modeling, as well as in scientific areas such as material science and climate. However, training and deploying these models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Adarsha Balaji , Sandeep Madireddy , Prasanna Balaprakash

Spiking Neural Networks promise brain-inspired and energy-efficient computation by transmitting information through binary (0/1) spikes. Yet, their performance still lags behind that of artificial neural networks, often assumed to result…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yuetong Fang , Deming Zhou , Ziqing Wang , Hongwei Ren , ZeCui Zeng , Lusong Li , Shibo Zhou , Renjing Xu

Spike-based transformer is a novel architecture aiming to enhance the performance of spiking neural networks while mitigating the energy overhead inherent to transformers. However, methods for generating these models suffer from critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yuhao Zhang , Chengjun Zhang , Di Wu , Jie Yang , Mohamad Sawan

Transformer models have demonstrated high accuracy in numerous applications but have high complexity and lack sequential processing capability making them ill-suited for many streaming applications at the edge where devices are heavily…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Zeyu Liu , Gourav Datta , Anni Li , Peter Anthony Beerel

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), particularly Spiking Transformers, offer energy-efficient processing of event-based sensor data for healthcare applications. Yet current architectures are rigid: they are trained and deployed as static…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Alberto Ancilotto , Gianluca Amprimo , Stefano Di Carlo , Elisabetta Farella

Attention is the brain's ability to selectively focus on a few specific aspects while ignoring irrelevant ones. This biological principle inspired the attention mechanism in modern Transformers. Transformers now underpin large language…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Kallol Mondal , Ankush Kumar

The integration of neuromorphic computing and transformers through spiking neural networks (SNNs) offers a promising path to energy-efficient sequence modeling, with the potential to overcome the energy-intensive nature of the artificial…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zihang Song , Prabodh Katti , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Traditional spiking neural networks (SNNs) can be viewed as a combination of multiple subnetworks with each running for one time step, where the parameters are shared, and the membrane potential serves as the only information link between…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zizheng Zhu , Yingchao Yu , Zeqi Zheng , Zhaofei Yu , Yaochu Jin

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient deep learning option due to their unique spike-based event-driven (i.e., spike-driven) paradigm. In this paper, we incorporate the spike-driven paradigm into Transformer by the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Man Yao , Jiakui Hu , Zhaokun Zhou , Li Yuan , Yonghong Tian , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained significant attention due to their biological plausibility and energy efficiency, making them promising alternatives to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, the performance gap between SNNs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Tianqing Zhang , Kairong Yu , Xian Zhong , Hongwei Wang , Qi Xu , Qiang Zhang

Transformer-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) suffer from a great performance gap compared to floating-point \mbox{Artificial} Neural Networks (ANNs) due to the binary nature of spike trains. Recent efforts have introduced deep-level…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Zeqi Zheng , Zizheng Zhu , Yingchao Yu , Yanchen Huang , Changze Lv , Junfeng Tang , Zhaofei Yu , Yaochu Jin

Energy-efficient spikformer has been proposed by integrating the biologically plausible spiking neural network (SNN) and artificial Transformer, whereby the Spiking Self-Attention (SSA) is used to achieve both higher accuracy and lower…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Qingyu Wang , Duzhen Zhang , Tilelin Zhang , Bo Xu

Agent-based Transformers have been widely adopted in recent reinforcement learning advances due to their demonstrated ability to solve complex tasks. However, the high computational complexity of Transformers often results in significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Irfan Uddin , Nishad Tasnim , Md Omor Faruk , Zejian Zhou

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer an energy-efficient alternative to traditional neural networks due to their event-driven computing paradigm. However, recent advancements in spiking transformers have focused on improving accuracy with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenjie Wei , Xiaolong Zhou , Malu Zhang , Ammar Belatreche , Qian Sun , Yimeng Shan , Dehao Zhang , Zijian Zhou , Zeyu Ma , Yang Yang , Haizhou Li

Transformer-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) introduce a novel event-driven self-attention paradigm that combines the high performance of Transformers with the energy efficiency of SNNs. However, the larger model size and increased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Honglin Cao , Zijian Zhou , Wenjie Wei , Ammar Belatreche , Yu Liang , Dehao Zhang , Malu Zhang , Yang Yang , Haizhou Li

Spiking neural networks have gained significant attention due to their brain-like information processing capabilities. The use of surrogate gradients has made it possible to train spiking neural networks with backpropagation, leading to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Yiting Dong , Yang Li , Yi Zeng