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In the field of quantum information science and technology, the representation and visualization of quantum states and related processes are essential for both research and education. In this context, a focus especially lies on ensembles of…

Quantum computing has gained attention in recent years due to the significant progress in quantum computing technology. Today many companies like IBM, Google and Microsoft have developed quantum computers and simulators for research and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-04 Hassan Hajjdiab , Ashraf Khalil , Hichem Eleuch

The problem of simulatability of quantum processes using classical resources plays a cornerstone role for quantum computing. Quantum circuits can be simulated classically, e.g., using Monte Carlo sampling techniques applied to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-09 Denis A. Kulikov , Vsevolod I. Yashin , Aleksey K. Fedorov , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko

This work presents the implementation of single-qubit gates, including $R_x$ and $R_z$ gates realized using transparent adhesive tape, and $R_y$ gates obtained with optically active maple and agave solutions. These gates form the native…

General Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Ghislain Lefebvre

In quantum physics (QP) education, the use of representations such as diagrams and visual aids that connect to mathematical concepts is crucial. Research in representation theory indicates that combining symbolic-mathematical elements (e.g.…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-04 Linda Qerimi , Sarah Malone , Eva Rexigel , Sascha Mehlhase , Jochen Kuhn , Stefan Küchemann

Construction of explicit quantum circuits follows the notion of the "standard circuit model" introduced in the solid and profound analysis of elementary gates providing quantum computation. Nevertheless the model is not always optimal (e.g.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 K. Ch. Chatzisavvas , C. Daskaloyannis , C. P. Panos

All quantum gates with one and two qubits may be described by elements of $Spin$ groups due to isomorphisms $Spin(3) \simeq SU(2)$ and $Spin(6) \simeq SU(4)$. However, the group of $n$-qubit gates $SU(2^n)$ for $n > 2$ has bigger dimension…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-11 Alexander Yu. Vlasov

Gauge theory is the framework of the Standard Model of particle physics and is also important in condensed matter physics. As its major non-perturbative approach, lattice gauge theory is traditionally implemented using Monte Carlo…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-03 Xiaopeng Cui , Yu Shi , Ji-Chong Yang

Using a quantumlike description for light propagation in nonhomogeneous optical fibers, quantum information processing can be implemented by optical means. Quantum-like bits (qulbits) are associated to light modes in the optical fiber and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. A. Man'ko , V. I. Man'ko , R. Vilela Mendes

The commonly used circuit model of quantum computing leaves out the problems of imprecision in the initial state preparation, particle statistics (indistinguishability of particles belonging to the same quantum state), and error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Subhash Kak

In this work, we propose a generalization of the current most widely used quantum computing hardware metric known as the quantum volume. The quantum volume specifies a family of random test circuits defined such that the logical circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-18 Keith Miller , Charles Broomfield , Ann Cox , Joe Kinast , Brandon Rodenburg

Strongly simulating a quantum circuit, that is, computing an output amplitude, amounts to summing the circuit's Feynman paths, a weighted count over assignments to the Boolean ``path'' variables. The circuit's gates induce correlations…

Quantum computing offers advantages over classical computation, yet the precise features that set the two apart remain unclear. In the standard quantum circuit model, adding a 1-qubit basis-changing gate -- commonly chosen to be the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Wang Fang , Chris Heunen , Robin Kaarsgaard

Quantum algorithms profit from the interference of quantum states in an exponentially large Hilbert space and the fact that unitary transformations on that Hilbert space can be broken down to universal gates that act only on one or two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 Daniel Braun , Ronny Müller

We present a new graphical calculus that is sound and complete for a universal family of quantum circuits, which can be seen as the natural string-diagrammatic extension of the approximately (real-valued) universal family of Hadamard+CCZ…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 Miriam Backens , Aleks Kissinger

We propose to simulate quantum gates by \textit{LC} resonators, where the amplitude and the phase of the voltage describe the quantum state. By controlling capacitance or inductance of resonators, it is possible to control the phase of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-21 Motohiko Ezawa

Quantum circuits which perform integer arithmetic could potentially outperform their classical counterparts. In this paper, a quantum circuit is considered which performs a specific computational pattern on classically represented integers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-16 Christopher M. Maynard , Einar Pius

Gate-based universal quantum computation is formulated in terms of two types of operations: local single-qubit gates, which are typically easily implementable, and two-qubit entangling gates, whose faithful implementation remains one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Xiaoqin Gao , Paul Appel , Nicolai Friis , Martin Ringbauer , Marcus Huber

This paper presents a highly efficient decomposition scheme and its associated Mathematica notebook for the analysis of complicated quantum circuits comprised of single/multiple qubit and qudit quantum gates. In particular, this scheme…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-03 T. Loke , J. B. Wang

Quantum computers are the ideal platform for quantum simulations. Given enough coherent operations and qubits, such machines can be leveraged to simulate strongly correlated materials, where intricate quantum effects give rise to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-14 Pierre-Luc Dallaire-Demers , Frank K. Wilhelm