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Qualitative data analysis provides insight into the underlying perceptions and experiences within unstructured data. However, the time-consuming nature of the coding process, especially for larger datasets, calls for innovative approaches,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Elisabeth Kirsten , Annalina Buckmann , Abraham Mhaidli , Steffen Becker

In-context learning (ICL) has transformed the use of large language models (LLMs) for NLP tasks, enabling few-shot learning by conditioning on labeled examples without finetuning. Despite its effectiveness, ICL is prone to errors,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Mario Sanz-Guerrero , Katharina von der Wense

In-context learning (ICL) unfolds as large language models become capable of inferring test labels conditioned on a few labeled samples without any gradient update. ICL-enabled large language models provide a promising step forward toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Eshaan Tanwar , Subhabrata Dutta , Manish Borthakur , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Processing long contexts is increasingly important for Large Language Models (LLMs) in tasks like multi-turn dialogues, code generation, and document summarization. This paper addresses the challenges of achieving high long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zihan Liao , Jun Wang , Hang Yu , Lingxiao Wei , Jianguo Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) with long-context processing are still challenging because of their implementation complexity, training efficiency and data sparsity. To address this issue, a new paradigm named Online Long-context Processing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Lewei He , Tianyu Shi , Pengran Huang , Bingzhi Chen , Qianglong Chen , Jiahui Pan

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with long-context reasoning, not only due to the quadratic scaling of computational complexity with sequence length but also because of the scarcity and expense of annotating long-context data. There…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Linda He , Jue Wang , Maurice Weber , Shang Zhu , Ben Athiwaratkun , Ce Zhang

We study continued training and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of a language model (LM) to make effective use of long-context information. We first establish a reliable evaluation protocol to guide model development -- instead of perplexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Tianyu Gao , Alexander Wettig , Howard Yen , Danqi Chen

Long-context language models (LCLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in long-context understanding tasks. Among these, long-context referencing -- a crucial task that requires LCLMs to attribute items of interest to specific parts of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Junjie Wu , Gefei Gu , Yanan Zheng , Dit-Yan Yeung , Arman Cohan

Faithful generation in large language models (LLMs) is challenged by knowledge conflicts between parametric memory and external context. Existing contrastive decoding methods tuned specifically to handle conflict often lack adaptability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Anant Khandelwal , Manish Gupta , Puneet Agrawal

The use of large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly widespread among software developers. However, privacy and computational requirements are problematic with commercial solutions and the use of LLMs. In this work, we focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Marko Hostnik , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

Effectively handling long contexts is challenging for Large Language Models (LLMs) due to the rarity of long texts, high computational demands, and substantial forgetting of short-context abilities. Recent approaches have attempted to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Tianxiang Chen , Zhentao Tan , Xiaofan Bo , Yue Wu , Tao Gong , Qi Chu , Jieping Ye , Nenghai Yu

The scaling law of Large Language Models (LLMs) reveals a power-law relationship, showing diminishing return on performance as model scale increases. While training LLMs from scratch is resource-intensive, fine-tuning a pre-trained model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yiyun Zhou , Chang Yao , Jingyuan Chen

Large language model fine-tuning has been identified as an efficient approach to applying the pre-trained Large language models to other domains. To guarantee data privacy for different data owners, models are often fine-tuned in federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ping Zhang , Zhaorui Zhang , Sheng Di , Yao Xin , Benben Liu

Handling long-context inputs is crucial for large language models (LLMs) in tasks such as extended conversations, document summarization, and many-shot in-context learning. While recent approaches have extended the context windows of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Lizhe Fang , Yifei Wang , Zhaoyang Liu , Chenheng Zhang , Stefanie Jegelka , Jinyang Gao , Bolin Ding , Yisen Wang

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a crucial technique for enhancing the accuracy of Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external information. With the advent of LLMs that support increasingly longer context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Quinn Leng , Jacob Portes , Sam Havens , Matei Zaharia , Michael Carbin

Large language models (LLMs), despite their impressive performance in various language tasks, are typically limited to processing texts within context-window size. This limitation has spurred significant research efforts to enhance LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jiaqi Li , Mengmeng Wang , Zilong Zheng , Muhan Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly assist software engineering tasks that require reasoning over long code contexts, yet their robustness under varying input conditions remains unclear. We conduct a systematic study of long-context…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Kishan Maharaj , Nandakishore Menon , Ashita Saxena , Srikanth Tamilselvam

Learning a set of tasks over time, also known as continual learning (CL), is one of the most challenging problems in artificial intelligence due to catastrophic forgetting. Large language models (LLMs) are often impractical to frequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jaya Krishna Mandivarapu

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly receive information as streams of passages, conversations, and long-context workflows. While longer context windows expose more evidence, they do not ensure that useful information is preserved and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zekun Wang , Anant Gupta , Zihan Dong , Christopher J. MacLellan

COBOL remains a critical language for mainframe systems, yet existing large language models (LLMs) struggle to generate and translate COBOL code correctly. This paper reports our experience in developing and evaluating domain-adapted LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Anh T. V. Dau , Shin Hwei Tan , Jinqiu Yang , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Anh Tuan Nguyen