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Widespread reuse of open-source code in smart contract development boosts programming efficiency but significantly amplifies bug propagation across contracts, while dedicated methods for detecting similar smart contract functions remain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zhenguang Liu , Lixun Ma , Zhongzheng Mu , Chengkun Wei , Xiaojun Xu , Yingying Jiao , Kui Ren

Blockchains are maintained by a network of participants that run algorithms designed to maintain collectively a distributed machine tolerant to Byzantine attacks. From the point of view of users, blockchains provide the illusion of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Martán Ceresa , César Sánchez

Ethereum is the largest blockchain platform that supports smart contracts. Users deploy smart contracts by publishing the smart contract's bytecode to the blockchain. Since the data in the blockchain cannot be modified, even if these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

Ethereum has emerged as the most popular smart contract development platform, with hundreds of thousands of contracts stored on the blockchain and covering a variety of application scenarios, such as auctions, trading platforms, and so on.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-05-18 Clara Schneidewind , Ilya Grishchenko , Markus Scherer , Matteo Maffei

We present a toolchain for developing and verifying smart contracts that can be executed on Bitcoin. The toolchain is based on BitML, a recent domain-specific language for smart contracts with a computationally sound embedding into Bitcoin.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Nicola Atzei , Massimo Bartoletti , Stefano Lande , Nobuko Yoshida , Roberto Zunino

Smart contract is a kind of self-executing code based on blockchain technology with a wide range of application scenarios, but the traditional generation method relies on manual coding and expert auditing, which has a high threshold and low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Hao Luo , Yuhao Lin , Xiao Yan , Xintong Hu , Yuxiang Wang , Qiming Zeng , Hao Wang , Jiawei Jiang

A bug or error is a common problem that any software or computer program may encounter. It can occur from badly writing the program, a typing error or bad memory management. However, errors can become a significant issue if the unsafe…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Zeinab Nehai , François Bobot

Recent attacks exploiting errors in smart contract code had devastating consequences thereby questioning the benefits of this technology. It is currently highly challenging to fix errors and deploy a patched contract in time. Instant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Michael Rodler , Wenting Li , Ghassan O. Karame , Lucas Davi

Software development is a very broad activity that captures the entire life cycle of a software, which includes designing, programming, maintenance and so on. In this study, we focus on the maintenance-related concerns of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Xiaohu Yang

Smart Contracts are critical components of blockchain ecosystems, with Solidity as the dominant programming language. While LLMs excel at general-purpose code generation, the unique constraints of Smart Contracts, such as gas consumption,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Francesco Salzano , Simone Scalabrino , Rocco Oliveto , Remo Pareschi

Security bugs and trapdoors in smart contracts have been impacting the Ethereum community since its inception. Conceptually, the 1.45-million Ethereum's contracts form a single "gigantic program" whose behaviors are determined by the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Thomas Ball , Nikolaj S. Bjørner , Ashley J. Chen , Shuo Chen , Yang Chen , Zhongxin Guo , Tzu-Han Hsu , Peng Liu , Nanqing Luo

Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum). 680 million US dollars worth of digital assets controlled by smart contracts have been hacked or stolen due to various security vulnerabilities in 2021.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Tanusree Sharma , Zhixuan Zhou , Andrew Miller , Yang Wang

Modern blockchain systems support creation of smart contracts -- stateful programs hosted and executed on a blockchain. Smart contracts hold and transfer significant amounts of digital currency which makes them an attractive target for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Dmitrii Suvorov , Vladimir Ulyantsev

Smart contract code summarization is crucial for efficient maintenance and vulnerability mitigation. While many studies use Large Language Models (LLMs) for summarization, their performance still falls short compared to fine-tuned models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Xiaoqi Li , Yingjie Mao , Zexin Lu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

Software maintenance constitutes a substantial portion of the total lifetime costs of software, with a significant portion attributed to code comprehension. Software comprehension is eased by documentation such as comments that summarize…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Skyler Grandel , Scott Thomas Andersen , Yu Huang , Kevin Leach

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that gained popularity for enabling the transformation of cryptocurrency among peers without mediation by a centralized third-party authority. Smart contracts expand the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Majd Soud , Gísli Hjálmtýsson , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Ethereum Smart Contracts based on Blockchain Technology (BT)enables monetary transactions among peers on a blockchain network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum smart contracts are programs that are deployed as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

The popularity of smart contracts is on the rise, yet breaches in reliability and security linger. Among the many facets of smart contract reliability, we concentrate on faults rooted in out-of-order interactions with contract endpoints. We…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Afonso Falcão , Andreia Mordido , Vasco T. Vasconcelos

Blockchain smart contracts have catalyzed the development of decentralized applications across various domains, including decentralized finance. However, due to constraints in computational resources and the prevalence of data silos,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Youquan Xian , Xueying Zeng , Duancheng Xuan , Danping Yang , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu

When blockchain systems are said to be trustless, what this really means is that all the trust is put into software. Thus, there are strong incentives to ensure blockchain software is correct -- vulnerabilities here cost millions and break…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Ivan Gavran , Gabriela Moreira , Daniel Neider