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Systems that rely on Machine Learning (ML systems) have differing demands on system quality compared to traditional systems. Such quality demands, known as non-functional requirements (NFRs), may differ in their definition, scope, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Khan Mohammad Habibullah , Gregory Gay , Jennifer Horkoff

Machine Learning (ML) is an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that uses big data to produce complex predictions and decision-making systems, which would be challenging to obtain otherwise. To ensure the success of ML-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Khan Mohammad Habibullah , Jennifer Horkoff

Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) play a critical role in determining the overall quality and user satisfaction of software systems. Accurately identifying and classifying NFRs is essential to ensure that software meets performance,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Esrat Ebtida Sakib , MD Ahnaf Akib , Md Muktadir Mazumder , Maliha Noushin Raida , Md. Mohsinul Kabir

When using LLMs to address Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs), developers may behave differently (e.g., expressing the same NFR in different words). Robust LLMs should output consistent results across these variations; however, this aspect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Feng Lin , Dong Jae Kim , Zhenhao Li , Jinqiu Yang , Tse-Hsun , Chen

Successful software projects depend on the quality of software requirements. Creating high-quality requirements is a crucial step toward successful software development. Effective support in this area can significantly reduce development…

Context: Seamless model-based development provides integrated chains of models, covering all software engineering phases. Non-functional requirements (NFRs), like reusability, further play a vital role in software and systems engineering,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Jonas Eckhardt , Daniel Méndez Fernández , Andreas Vogelsang

[Context and Motivation] Online user feedback provides valuable information to support requirements engineering (RE). However, analyzing online user feedback is challenging due to its large volume and noise. Large language models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Manjeshwar Aniruddh Mallya , Alessio Ferrari , Mohammad Amin Zadenoori , Jacek Dąbrowski

Studying the quality requirements (aka Non-Functional Requirements (NFR)) of a system is crucial in Requirements Engineering. Many software projects fail because of neglecting or failing to incorporate the NFR during the software life…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Ali Bou Nassif , Luiz Fernando Capretz , Danny Ho

The majority of research around Large Language Models (LLM) application to software development has been on the subject of code generation. There is little literature on LLMs' impact on requirements engineering (RE), which deals with the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Cory Hymel , Hiroe Johnson

The increasing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers significant opportunities across the engineering lifecycle, including requirements engineering, software development, process optimization, and decision support. Despite this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Stefan Otten , Philipp Reis , Philipp Rigoll , Joshua Ransiek , Tobias Schürmann , Jacob Langner , Eric Sax

In recent years, transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have revolutionised natural language processing (NLP), with generative models opening new possibilities for tasks that require context-aware text generation. Requirements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Waad Alhoshan , Alessio Ferrari , Liping Zhao

Proper management of requirements is crucial to successful development software within limited time and cost. Nonfunctional requirements (NFR) are one of the key criteria to derive a comparison among various software systems. In most of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-03-11 Md. Mijanur Rahman , Shamim Ripon

Non-functional requirements (NFRs) are commonly distinguished from functional requirements by differentiating how the system shall do something in contrast to what the system shall do. This distinction is not only prevalent in research, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-29 J. Eckhardt , A. Vogelsang , D. Méndez Fernández

Classifying requirements into functional requirements (FR) and non-functional ones (NFR) is an important task in requirements engineering. However, automated classification of requirements written in natural language is not straightforward,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad , Oliver Karras , Parisa Ghazi , Martin Glinz , Guenther Ruhe , Kurt Schneider

Requirements Engineering (RE) is a critical phase in software development including the elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of software requirements. Despite the importance of RE, it remains a challenging process due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Chetan Arora , John Grundy , Mohamed Abdelrazek

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing Software Engineering (SE) by introducing innovative methods for tasks such as collecting requirements, designing software, generating code, and creating test cases, among others. This article…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Malik Abdul Sami , Zeeshan Rasheed , Muhammad Waseem , Zheying Zhang , Tomas Herda , Pekka Abrahamsson

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools in software development, widely used for requirements engineering, code generation and review tasks. Software engineers often rely on LLMs to assess whether system code implementation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Haolin Jin , Huaming Chen

In recent years, large language models have been widely integrated into software engineering workflows, supporting tasks like code generation. While prior evaluations focus on functional correctness, there is still a limited understanding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xin Sun , Daniel Ståhl , Kristian Sandahl , Christoph Kessler

Context: Machine learning (ML) is nowadays so pervasive and diffused that virtually no application can avoid its use. Nonetheless, its enormous potential is often tempered by the need to manage non-functional requirements and navigate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Vincenzo De Martino , Fabio Palomba

Large language models (LLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in software engineering (SE) due to their unprecedented performance across various applications. These models are increasingly being utilized for a range of SE tasks, including…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Xing Hu , Feifei Niu , Junkai Chen , Xin Zhou , Junwei Zhang , Junda He , Xin Xia , David Lo
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