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Scaling test-time compute has proven highly effective for language models, yet this opportunity remains largely unexplored for industrial Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction. CTR models suffer from a fundamental asymmetry: feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Moyu Zhang , Yun Chen , Yujun Jin , Jinxin Hu , Yu Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction holds paramount significance in online advertising and recommendation scenarios. Despite the proliferation of recent CTR prediction models, the improvements in performance have remained limited, as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Zirui Zhu , Yong Liu , Zangwei Zheng , Huifeng Guo , Yang You

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, a core task in recommendation systems, estimates user click likelihood using historical behavioral data. Modeling user behavior sequences as text to leverage Language Models (LMs) for this task has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Zixuan Li , Binzong Geng , Jing Xiong , Yong He , Yuxuan Hu , Jian Chen , Dingwei Chen , Xiyu Chang , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo , Chengming Li , Chuan Yuan , Zhenan Sun

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction is a core task in online personalization platform. A key step for CTR prediction is to learn accurate user representation to capture their interests. Generally, the interest expressed by a user is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xian-Jin Gui

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a critical task in recommendation systems, serving as the ultimate filtering step to sort items for a user. Most recent cutting-edge methods primarily focus on investigating complex implicit and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Song-Li Wu , Liang Du , Jia-Qi Yang , Yu-Ai Wang , De-Chuan Zhan , Shuang Zhao , Zi-Xun Sun

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction aims to predict the probability that the user will click an item, which has been one of the key tasks in online recommender and advertising systems. In such systems, rich user behavior (viz. long- and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Huinan Sun , Guangliang Yu , Pengye Zhang , Bo Zhang , Xingxing Wang , Dong Wang

Predicting click-through rates (CTR) is a fundamental task for Web applications, where a key issue is to devise effective models for feature interactions. Current methodologies predominantly concentrate on modeling feature interactions…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Yushen Li , Jinpeng Wang , Tao Dai , Jieming Zhu , Jun Yuan , Rui Zhang , Shu-Tao Xia

Deep learning techniques have been applied widely in industrial recommendation systems. However, far less attention has been paid to the overfitting problem of models in recommendation systems, which, on the contrary, is recognized as a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Zhao-Yu Zhang , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Yujing Zhang , Biye Jiang , Shuguang Han , Hongbo Deng , Bo Zheng

Many Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction works focused on designing advanced architectures to model complex feature interactions but neglected the importance of feature representation learning, e.g., adopting a plain embedding layer for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Fangye Wang , Yingxu Wang , Dongsheng Li , Hansu Gu , Tun Lu , Peng Zhang , Ning Gu

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a vital task in industrial recommendation systems. Most existing methods focus on the network architecture design of the CTR model for better accuracy and suffer from the data sparsity problem.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qi Liu , Xuyang Hou , Defu Lian , Zhe Wang , Haoran Jin , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction serves as a cornerstone of recommender systems. Despite the strong performance of current CTR models based on user behavior modeling, they are still severely limited by interaction sparsity, especially in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yutian Xiao , Shukuan Wang , Binhao Wang , Zhao Zhang , Yanze Zhang , Shanqi Liu , Chao Feng , Xiang Li , Fuzhen Zhuang

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction becomes indispensable in ubiquitous web recommendation applications. Nevertheless, the current methods are struggling under the cold-start scenarios where the user interactions are extremely sparse. We…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Yujie Pan , Jiangchao Yao , Bo Han , Kunyang Jia , Ya Zhang , Hongxia Yang

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, a core task in recommendation systems, aims to estimate the probability of users clicking on items. Existing models predominantly follow a discriminative paradigm, which relies heavily on explicit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Mingjia Yin , Junwei Pan , Hao Wang , Ximei Wang , Shangyu Zhang , Jie Jiang , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Click-through rate (CTR) estimation plays as a core function module in various personalized online services, including online advertising, recommender systems, and web search etc. From 2015, the success of deep learning started to benefit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Weinan Zhang , Jiarui Qin , Wei Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He

Click through rate (CTR) prediction is very important for Native advertisement but also hard as there is no direct query intent. In this paper we propose a large-scale event embedding scheme to encode the each user browsing event by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Mehul Parsana , Krishna Poola , Yajun Wang , Zhiguang Wang

To identify the most appropriate recommendation model for an e-commerce business, a live evaluation should be performed on the shopping website to measure the influence of personalization in real-time. The aim of this paper is to introduce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Namrata Chaudhary , Drimik Roy Chowdhury

To meet the practical requirements of low latency, low cost, and good privacy in online intelligent services, more and more deep learning models are offloaded from the cloud to mobile devices. To further deal with cross-device data…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Yucheng Ding , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Shaojie Tang , Chengfei Lyu , Guihai Chen

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction, which aims to predict the probability of a user clicking on an ad or an item, is critical to many online applications such as online advertising and recommender systems. The problem is very challenging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Weiping Song , Chence Shi , Zhiping Xiao , Zhijian Duan , Yewen Xu , Ming Zhang , Jian Tang

In session-based or sequential recommendation, it is important to consider a number of factors like long-term user engagement, multiple types of user-item interactions such as clicks, purchases etc. The current state-of-the-art supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Xin Xin , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Ioannis Arapakis , Joemon M. Jose

Counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) has attracted extensive attention in the IR community for its ability to leverage massive logged user interaction data to train ranking models. While the CLTR models can be theoretically unbiased when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Zechun Niu , Zhilin Zhang , Jiaxin Mao , Qingyao Ai , Ji-Rong Wen