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Classical shadow tomography has become a powerful tool in learning about quantum states prepared on a quantum computer. Recent works have used classical shadows to variationally enforce N-representability conditions on the 2-particle…

The rapid development of quantum technology demands efficient characterization of complex quantum many-body states. However, full quantum state tomography requires an exponential number of measurements in system size, preventing its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Yadong Wu , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Hui Zhai , Yi-Zhuang You , Pengfei Zhang

We introduce the task of shadow process simulation, where the goal is to simulate the estimation of the expectation values of arbitrary quantum observables at the output of a target physical process. When the sender and receiver share…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Xuanqiang Zhao , Xin Wang , Giulio Chiribella

Learning quantum state properties is both a fundamental and practical problem in quantum information theory. Classical shadows have emerged as an efficient method for estimating properties of unknown quantum states, with rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Hugo Thomas , Ulysse Chabaud , Pierre-Emmanuel Emeriau

Understanding quantum systems is of significant importance for assessing the performance of quantum hardware and software, as well as exploring quantum control and quantum sensing. An efficient representation of quantum states enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

Quantum process tomography is a useful tool for characterizing quantum processes. This task is essential for the development of different areas, such as quantum information processing. In this work, we present a protocol for selective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Virginia Feldman , Ariel Bendersky

The classical shadow estimation protocol is a noise-resilient and sample-efficient quantum algorithm for learning the properties of quantum systems. Its performance depends on the choice of a unitary ensemble, which must be chosen by a user…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Kaifeng Bu , Dax Enshan Koh , Roy J. Garcia , Arthur Jaffe

Classical shadow tomography is a sample-efficient technique for characterizing quantum systems and predicting many of their properties. Circuit cutting is a technique for dividing large quantum circuits into smaller fragments that can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-21 Daniel T. Chen , Zain H. Saleem , Michael A. Perlin

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for constructing an approximate classical description, called the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-26 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng

Quantum tomography is crucial for characterizing the quantum states of multipartite systems, but its practicality is often limited by the exponentially large dimension of the Hilbert space. Most existing approaches, such as compressed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-04 Yat Wong , Ming Yuan , Kevin He , Srivatsan Chakram , Alireza Seif , David I. Schuster , Liang Jiang

Quantum process tomography (QPT) is crucial for advancing quantum technologies, including quantum computers, quantum networks and quantum sensors. Shadow process tomography (SPT) utilizes the Choi isomorphism to map QPT to shadow state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Haigang Wang , Kan He

Quantum process tomography is a critical capability for building quantum computers, enabling quantum networks, and understanding quantum sensors. Like quantum state tomography, the process tomography of an arbitrary quantum channel requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-26 Jonathan Kunjummen , Minh C. Tran , Daniel Carney , Jacob M. Taylor

Accurately estimating the properties of quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum computing and quantum information. We propose a method to obtain unbiased estimators of multiple observables with low statistical error by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Stefano Mangini , Daniel Cavalcanti

A novel operational method for estimating the efficiency of quantum state tomography protocols is suggested. It is based on a-priori estimation of the quality of an arbitrary protocol by means of universal asymptotic fidelity distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Yu. I. Bogdanov , G. Brida , M. Genovese , S. P. Kulik , E. V. Moreva , A. P. Shurupov

Classical shadow estimation (CSE) is a powerful tool for learning the properties of quantum states and quantum processes. Here we consider the CSE task for quantum unitary channels. By querying an unknown unitary channel $\mathcal{U}$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Zihao Li , Changhao Yi , You Zhou , Huangjun Zhu

Characterizing quantum systems is a fundamental task that enables the development of quantum technologies. Various approaches, ranging from full tomography to instances of classical shadows, have been proposed to this end. However, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-16 Franz J. Schreiber , Jens Eisert , Johannes Jakob Meyer

We introduce the problem of *shadow tomography*: given an unknown $D$-dimensional quantum mixed state $\rho$, as well as known two-outcome measurements $E_{1},\ldots,E_{M}$, estimate the probability that $E_{i}$ accepts $\rho$, to within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-14 Scott Aaronson

Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Wenlong Zhao , Da Zhang , Huili Zhang , Haifeng Yu , Zhang-qi Yin

Classical shadow tomography serves as a potent tool for extracting numerous properties from quantum many-body systems with minimal measurements. Nevertheless, prevailing methods yielding optimal performance for few-body operators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Tian-Gang Zhou , Pengfei Zhang

Classical shadow tomography has emerged as a powerful framework for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems with favorable sample complexity. Standard theoretical guarantees, however, rely on the assumption that experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Leonardo Zambrano