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A criminal judicial opinion represents the judge's disposition of a case, including the decision rationale and sentencing. Automatically generating such opinions can assist in analyzing sentencing consistency and provide judges with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Weizhe Shi , Qiqi Wang , Yihong Pan , Qian Liu , Kaiqi Zhao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) combines document retrieval with large language models to produce responses grounded in external evidence. While several R packages support core components of RAG workflows, integrated evaluation of RAG…

Computation · Statistics 2026-04-28 Muhammad Aimal Rehman , Zhili Lu , Chi-Kuang Yeh

Legal practitioners often face a vast amount of documents. Lawyers, for instance, search for appropriate precedents favorable to their clients, while the number of legal precedents is ever-growing. Although legal search engines can assist…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Wonseok Hwang , Saehee Eom , Hanuhl Lee , Hai Jin Park , Minjoon Seo

Wind energy project assessments present significant challenges for decision-makers, who must navigate and synthesize hundreds of pages of environmental and scientific documentation. These documents often span different regions and project…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Rounak Meyur , Hung Phan , Sridevi Wagle , Jan Strube , Mahantesh Halappanavar , Sameera Horawalavithana , Anurag Acharya , Sai Munikoti

Legal professionals need to write analyses that rely on citations to relevant precedents, i.e., previous case decisions. Intelligent systems assisting legal professionals in writing such documents provide great benefits but are challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Abe Bohan Hou , Orion Weller , Guanghui Qin , Eugene Yang , Dawn Lawrie , Nils Holzenberger , Andrew Blair-Stanek , Benjamin Van Durme

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a common way to ground language models in external documents and up-to-date information. Classical retrieval systems relied on lexical methods such as BM25, which rank documents by term overlap with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Martin Asenov , Kenza Benkirane , Dan Goldwater , Aneiss Ghodsi

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) enhances the accuracy and reliability of generative AI models by sourcing factual information from external databases, which is extensively employed in document-grounded question-answering (QA) tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Yuan Pu , Zhuolun He , Tairu Qiu , Haoyuan Wu , Bei Yu

Safe and trustworthy use of Large Language Models (LLM) in the processing of healthcare documents and scientific papers could substantially help clinicians, scientists and policymakers in overcoming information overload and focusing on the…

This study presents a modular, multi-agent system for the automated review of highly structured enterprise business documents using AI agents. Unlike prior solutions focused on unstructured texts or limited compliance checks, this framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sudip Dasgupta , Himanshu Shankar

The effectiveness of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is highly dependent on how documents are chunked, that is, segmented into smaller units for indexing and retrieval. Yet, commonly used "one-size-fits-all" approaches often fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Paulo Roberto de Moura Júnior , Jean Lelong , Annabelle Blangero

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves large language models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant information from external sources and has been widely adopted for text-based tasks. For structured data, such as knowledge graphs, Graph…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Haoyu Han , Li Ma , Yu Wang , Harry Shomer , Yongjia Lei , Zhisheng Qi , Kai Guo , Zhigang Hua , Bo Long , Hui Liu , Charu C. Aggarwal , Jiliang Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more extensively for automated evaluation in various scenarios. Previous studies have attempted to fine-tune open-source LLMs to replicate the evaluation explanations and judgments of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Kaishuai Xu , Tiezheng Yu , Wenjun Hou , Yi Cheng , Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Wenjie Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a widely adopted approach for enhancing LLMs in scenarios that demand extensive factual knowledge. However, current RAG evaluations concentrate primarily on correctness, which may not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Vinh Nguyen , Cuong Dang , Jiahao Zhang , Hoa Tran , Minh Tran , Trinh Chau , Thai Le , Lu Cheng , Suhang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and other automated techniques have been increasingly used to support software developers by generating software artifacts such as code snippets, patches, and comments. However, accurately assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xin Zhou , Kisub Kim , Ting Zhang , Martin Weyssow , Luis F. Gomes , Guang Yang , Kui Liu , Xin Xia , David Lo

Standard multi-task benchmarks are essential for developing pretraining models that can generalize to various downstream tasks. Existing benchmarks for natural language processing (NLP) usually focus only on understanding or generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jian Guan , Zhuoer Feng , Yamei Chen , Ruilin He , Xiaoxi Mao , Changjie Fan , Minlie Huang

We introduce MiRAGE, an evaluation framework for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) from multimodal sources. As audiovisual media becomes a prevalent source of information online, it is essential for RAG systems to integrate information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Alexander Martin , William Walden , Reno Kriz , Dengjia Zhang , Kate Sanders , Eugene Yang , Chihsheng Jin , Benjamin Van Durme

As an effective method to boost the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on the question answering (QA) task, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which queries highly relevant information from external complex documents, has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shu Wang , Yingli Zhou , Yixiang Fang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has shown impressive capabilities in mitigating hallucinations in large language models (LLMs). However, LLMs struggle to maintain consistent reasoning when exposed to misleading or conflicting evidence,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Linda Zeng , Rithwik Gupta , Divij Motwani , Yi Zhang , Diji Yang

Legal Case Retrieval (LCR), which retrieves relevant cases from a query case, is a fundamental task for legal professionals in research and decision-making. However, existing studies on LCR face two major limitations. First, they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chaeeun Kim , Jinu Lee , Wonseok Hwang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge but remains vulnerable to low-authority sources that can propagate misinformation. We investigate whether LLMs can perceive information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zhihui Yao , Hengran Zhang , Keping Bi