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Large pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP have shown great potential in learning representations that are transferable across a wide range of downstream tasks. Different from the traditional representation learning that is based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Kaiyang Zhou , Jingkang Yang , Chen Change Loy , Ziwei Liu

Source-free domain generalization (SFDG) tackles the challenge of adapting models to unseen target domains without access to source domain data. To deal with this challenging task, recent advances in SFDG have primarily focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Haoran Zhang , Shuanghao Bai , Wanqi Zhou , Jingwen Fu , Badong Chen

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities and generalization in embodied manipulation. However, their decision-making relies on a fast, instinctive process that lacks deliberation. This strategy often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Wenhao Li , Xiu Su , Yichao Cao , Hongyan Xu , Xiaobo Xia , Shan You , Yi Chen , Chang Xu

Small language models (SLMs) are widely used in tasks that require low latency and lightweight deployment, particularly classification. As interpretability and robustness gain increasing importance, explanation-guided learning has emerged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Zhuoran Zhang , Feng Zhang , Shangyuan Li , Yang Shi , Yuanxing Zhang , Wei Chen , Tengjiao Wang , Kam-Fai Wong

Continual test-time adaptation (CTTA) has recently emerged to adapt a pre-trained source model to continuously evolving target distributions, which accommodates the dynamic nature of real-world environments. To mitigate the risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chaoran Cui , Yongrui Zhen , Shuai Gong , Chunyun Zhang , Hui Liu , Yilong Yin

Pre-trained vision-language models (e.g., CLIP) have shown promising zero-shot generalization in many downstream tasks with properly designed text prompts. Instead of relying on hand-engineered prompts, recent works learn prompts using the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Manli Shu , Weili Nie , De-An Huang , Zhiding Yu , Tom Goldstein , Anima Anandkumar , Chaowei Xiao

Prompt learning methods have significantly extended the transferability of pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) like CLIP for various downstream tasks. These methods adopt handcraft templates or learnable vectors to provide text or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Jiahui Wang , Qin Xu , Bo Jiang , Bin Luo

This study aims to explore efficient tuning methods for the screenshot captioning task. Recently, image captioning has seen significant advancements, but research in captioning tasks for mobile screens remains relatively scarce. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Ching-Yu Chiang , I-Hua Chang , Shih-Wei Liao

Vision-language foundation models (VLMs), such as CLIP, exhibit remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models can be unreliable when significant distribution gaps exist between training and test data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zongbo Han , Jialong Yang , Guangyu Wang , Junfan Li , Qianli Xu , Mike Zheng Shou , Changqing Zhang

Although debiased large language models (LLMs) excel at handling known or low-bias prompts, they often fail on unfamiliar and high-bias prompts. We demonstrate via out-of-distribution (OOD) detection that these high-bias prompts cause a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Hanwen Shen , Ting Ying , Jiajie Lu , Shanshan Wang

Pre-trained vision-language models, e.g., CLIP, working with manually designed prompts have demonstrated great capacity of transfer learning. Recently, learnable prompts achieve state-of-the-art performance, which however are prone to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Baoshuo Kan , Teng Wang , Wenpeng Lu , Xiantong Zhen , Weili Guan , Feng Zheng

This paper focuses on the Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task, aiming to enable an agent to continuously adapt to evolving target domains while retaining previously acquired domain knowledge for effective reuse when those domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 JianChao Zhao , Chenhao Ding , Songlin Dong , Jiangyang Li , Qiang Wang , Yuhang He , Yihong Gong

Large pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) offer a promising approach to leveraging human language for enhancing downstream tasks. However, VLMs such as CLIP face significant limitation: its performance is highly sensitive to prompt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Ao Li , Zongfang Liu , Xinhua Li , Jinghui Zhang , Pengwei Wang , Hu Wang

CLIP has demonstrated strong generalization in visual domains through natural language supervision, even for video action recognition. However, most existing approaches that adapt CLIP for action recognition have primarily focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Hyo Jin Jon , Longbin Jin , Eun Yi Kim

Continual Test-time adaptation (CTTA) continuously adapts the deployed model on every incoming batch of data. While achieving optimal accuracy, existing CTTA approaches present poor real-world applicability on resource-constrained edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiao Ma , Young D. Kwon , Dong Ma

With the rise of powerful pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP, it becomes essential to investigate ways to adapt these models to downstream datasets. A recently proposed method named Context Optimization (CoOp) introduces the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Kaiyang Zhou , Jingkang Yang , Chen Change Loy , Ziwei Liu

Vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit remarkable zero-shot capabilities but struggle with distribution shifts in downstream tasks when labeled data is unavailable, which has motivated the development of Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) to improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yiwen Liang , Hui Chen , Yizhe Xiong , Zihan Zhou , Mengyao Lyu , Zijia Lin , Shuaicheng Niu , Sicheng Zhao , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Since real-world machine systems are running in non-stationary environments, Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task is proposed to adapt the pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. Recently, existing methods mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiaming Liu , Senqiao Yang , Peidong Jia , Renrui Zhang , Ming Lu , Yandong Guo , Wei Xue , Shanghang Zhang

Despite the great promise of Prompt Tuning (PT) in adapting large Vision-Language Pretrained Models (VLPMs) to downstream tasks, they often struggle to overcome the Base-New Tradeoff (BNT) dilemma: as VLPMs are better tuned to a base task,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ji Zhang , Shihan Wu , Lianli Gao , Jingkuan Song , Nicu Sebe , Heng Tao Shen

Vision-Language Models (VLMs), such as CLIP, have achieved impressive zero-shot recognition performance but remain highly susceptible to adversarial perturbations, posing significant risks in safety-critical scenarios. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhiwei Li , Yitian Pang , Weining Wang , Zhenan Sun , Qi Li