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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in large-scale online services, enabling sophisticated applications. However, the computational overhead of generating key-value (KV) caches in the prefill stage presents a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shuowei Jin , Xueshen Liu , Qingzhao Zhang , Z. Morley Mao

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value cache (KV cache) to accelerate decoding by reducing redundant computations. However, the KV cache memory usage grows substantially with longer text sequences, posing challenges for efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yixuan Wang , Shiyu Ji , Yijun Liu , Yuzhuang Xu , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

The integration of visual information into Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), but the quadratic memory and computational costs of Transformer architectures remain a bottleneck. Existing KV cache eviction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xindian Ma , Yidi Lu , Peng Zhang , Jing Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive accomplishments in recent years. However, the increasing memory consumption of KV cache has possessed a significant challenge to the inference system. Eviction methods have revealed the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zicong Tang , Shi Luohe , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Lefei Zhang , Ping Wang

Large language models (LLMs) face growing challenges in efficient generative inference due to the increasing memory demands of Key-Value (KV) caches, especially for long sequences. Existing eviction methods typically retain KV pairs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yongqi An , Chang Lu , Kuan Zhu , Tao Yu , Chaoyang Zhao , Hong Wu , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing but face significant challenges of high storage and runtime costs, due to the transformer architecture's reliance on self-attention, particularly the large KV cache for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Haoyu Guo , Yukun Cao , S Kevin Zhou , Xike Xie

The emergence of LLMs has ignited a fresh surge of breakthroughs in NLP applications, particularly in domains such as question-answering systems and text generation. As the need for longer context grows, a significant bottleneck in model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Shichen Dong , Wen Cheng , Jiayu Qin , Wei Wang

Generative reasoning with large language models (LLMs) often involves long decoding sequences, leading to substantial memory and latency overheads from accumulating key-value (KV) caches. While existing KV compression methods primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hui Zeng , Daming Zhao , Pengfei Yang , WenXuan Hou , Tianyang Zheng , Hui Li , Weiye Ji , Jidong Zhai

Large Language Models have excelled in various domains but face efficiency challenges due to the growing Key-Value (KV) cache required for long-sequence inference. Recent efforts aim to reduce KV cache size by evicting vast non-critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Yukun Cao , Xike Xie , S. Kevin Zhou

This paper introduces MadaKV, a modality-adaptive key-value (KV) cache eviction strategy designed to enhance the efficiency of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in long-context inference. In multimodal scenarios, attention heads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kunxi Li , Zhonghua Jiang , Zhouzhou Shen , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Fan Wu , Fei Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have ignited an innovative surge of AI applications, marking a new era of exciting possibilities equipped with extended context windows. However, hosting these models is cost-prohibitive mainly due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yilong Chen , Guoxia Wang , Junyuan Shang , Shiyao Cui , Zhenyu Zhang , Tingwen Liu , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Dianhai Yu , Hua Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized a wide range of domains such as natural language processing, computer vision, and multi-modal tasks due to their ability to comprehend context and perform logical reasoning. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Haoyang Li , Yiming Li , Anxin Tian , Tianhao Tang , Zhanchao Xu , Xuejia Chen , Nicole Hu , Wei Dong , Qing Li , Lei Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of Artificial Intelligence. However, their deployment is resource-intensive, not only due to the large number of model parameters but also because the (Key-Value) KV cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yifeng Gu , Zicong Jiang , Jianxiu Jin , Kailing Guo , Ziyang Zhang , Xiangmin Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

Efficient long-context inference is critical as large language models (LLMs) adopt context windows of ranging from 128K to 1M tokens. However, the growing key-value (KV) cache and the high computational complexity of attention create…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Guangtao Wang , Shubhangi Upasani , Chen Wu , Darshan Gandhi , Jonathan Li , Changran Hu , Bo Li , Urmish Thakker

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

KV caching significantly improves the efficiency of Large Language Model (LLM) inference by storing attention states from previously processed tokens, enabling faster generation of subsequent tokens. However, as sequence length increases,…

Optimizing the Key-Value (KV) cache of the Large Language Model (LLM) has been considered critical to saving the cost of inference. Most of the existing KV-cache compression algorithms attempted to sparsify the sequence of tokens by taking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Zihao Wang , Bin Cui , Shaoduo Gan

In this study, we introduce adaptive KV cache compression, a plug-and-play method that reduces the memory footprint of generative inference for Large Language Models (LLMs). Different from the conventional KV cache that retains key and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Suyu Ge , Yunan Zhang , Liyuan Liu , Minjia Zhang , Jiawei Han , Jianfeng Gao

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caches for efficient autoregressive decoding; however, cache size grows linearly with context length and model depth, becoming a major bottleneck in long-context inference. Prior KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Dmitry Akulov , Mohamed Sana , Antonio De Domenico , Tareq Si Salem , Nicola Piovesan , Fadhel Ayed
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