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In scenarios where synchronous generators (SGs) and grid-following renewable energy sources (GFLR) are co-located, existing research, which mainly focuses on the first-swing stability of SGs, often overlooks ongoing dynamic interactions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Guosong Wang , Yiwen Hu , Xu Zhang , Zhiguo Hao , Dongxu Chang , Baohui Zhang

Grid-forming (GFM) converters are generally expected to exhibit low impedance near the fundamental frequency due to their voltage-source behavior. However, an impedance peak and a negative-resistance region are consistently observed in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Chao Wu , Jinhao Wang , Yong Wang , Changjiang Zhan , Frede Blaabjerg

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Grid-following (GFL) inverters have very different large-signal stability characteristics to synchronous generators, and convenient concepts such as the equal-area criterion and global energy function do not apply in the same way. Existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Yifan Zhang , Yaoxin Wang , Yunjie Gu , Yitong Li , Sijia Geng , Yue Zhu , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

Many countries' policies have shifted rapidly towards using renewable energy for climate reasons. As a result, inverter-based resources are beginning to dominate power systems. Key elements for managing the loss of conventional generators…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Waleed Breesam , Stefan M. Goetz

Synchronization in power systems is traditionally achieved through physical network coupling, whereby inverter-based resources (IBRs) and synchronous machines converge to a common frequency via oscillatory swing dynamics. In conventional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Taha Saeed Khan

Grid-interfacing inverters serve as the interface between renewable energy resources and the electric power grid, offering fast, programmable control capabilities. However, their operation is constrained by hardware limitations, such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit fast transient dynamics during network disturbances, which often cannot be properly captured by phasor and SCADA measurements. This shortcoming has recently been addressed with the advent of waveform…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-27 Shivanshu Tripathi , Hossein Mohsenzadeh Yazdi , Maziar Raissi , Hamed Mohsenian-Rad

In power networks based on Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), fast controllers cause frequency and voltage dynamics to overlap. Thus, it becomes critical to assess the overall dynamic performance of such networks through a combined…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Rodrigo Bernal , Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

The virtual synchronous generator (VSG), with the analogous nonlinear power-angle relationship to the synchronous generator (SG), has attracted much attention as a promising solution for converter-based power systems. In this paper, a large…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-28 Jiayue Lyu , Tianzhi Fang , Zhiheng Lin , Jingxue Han , Yantao Zhu

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen

This paper develops a multivariable current control strategy for inverter-based resources (IBRs) based on optimal control theory to enhance their dynamic performance and grid synchronization stability. The structure of the implemented…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-11 Hassan Yazdani , Ali Maleki , Saeed Lotfifard , Ali Saberi

We consider the problem of controlling the frequency of low-inertia power systems via inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are weakly connected to the grid. We propose a novel grid-forming control strategy, the so-called frequency shaping…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Yashen Lin , Andrey Bernstein , Enrique Mallada , Dominic Groß

Nowadays, power system inertia is changing as a consequence of replacing conventional units by renewable energy sources, mainly wind and PV power plants. This fact affects significantly the grid frequency response under power imbalances. As…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 A. Fernández-Guillamón , A. Vigueras-Rodríguez , A. Molina-García

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

Compliant robotics have seen successful applications in energy efficient locomotion and cyclic manipulation. However, exploitation of variable physical impedance for energy efficient sequential movements has not been extensively addressed.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Fan Wu , Matthew Howard

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li

To satisfy dynamic requirements of power systems, it is imperative for grid-tied inverters to ensure good disturbance rejection performance (DRP) under variable grid conditions. This letter discovers and theoretically proves that for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are expected in future inverter-dominated grids. In such grids, time-domain protection schemes, for example those based on instantaneous incremental quantities (IQs), are being advocated as potential solutions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Henrik Johansson , Qianli Xing , Nathaniel Taylor , Xiongfei Wang