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It is commonplace to produce application-specific models by fine-tuning large pre-trained models using a small bespoke dataset. The widespread availability of foundation model checkpoints on the web poses considerable risks, including the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuxin Wen , Leo Marchyok , Sanghyun Hong , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein , Nicholas Carlini

Adversarial attacks pose a severe risk to AI systems used in healthcare, capable of misleading models into dangerous misclassifications that can delay treatments or cause misdiagnoses. These attacks, often imperceptible to human perception,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Alyssa Gerhart , Balaji Iyangar

The performance of AI models on safety benchmarks does not indicate their real-world performance after deployment. This opaqueness of AI models impedes existing regulatory frameworks constituted on benchmark performance, leaving them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Gabriel Stanovsky , Renana Keydar , Gadi Perl , Eliya Habba

Rapidly advancing artificial intelligence (AI) systems introduce novel, uncertain, and potentially catastrophic risks. Managing these risks requires a mature risk-management infrastructure whose cornerstone is rigorous risk modeling. We…

As artificial intelligence (AI) models are scaled up, new capabilities can emerge unintentionally and unpredictably, some of which might be dangerous. In response, dangerous capabilities evaluations have emerged as a new risk assessment…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Jide Alaga , Jonas Schuett

Frontier AI systems are rapidly advancing in their capabilities to persuade, deceive, and influence human behaviour, with current models already demonstrating human-level persuasion and strategic deception in specific contexts. Humans are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Rishane Dassanayake , Mario Demetroudi , James Walpole , Lindley Lentati , Jason R. Brown , Edward James Young

Online gambling platforms have transformed the gambling landscape, offering unprecedented accessibility and personalized experiences. However, these same characteristics have increased the risk of gambling-related harm, affecting…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Konrad Samsel , Mohammad Noaeen , Neil Seeman , Karim Keshavjee , Li-Jia Li , Zahra Shakeri

The impact of Artificial Intelligence does not depend only on fundamental research and technological developments, but for a large part on how these systems are introduced into society and used in everyday situations. AI is changing the way…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Virginia Dignum

Although AI is transforming the world, there are serious concerns about its ability to behave and make decisions responsibly. Many ethical regulations, principles, and frameworks for responsible AI have been issued recently. However, they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Xiwei Xu , Jon Whittle , Zhenchang Xing

Sociotechnical requirements shape the governance of artificially intelligent (AI) systems. In an era where embodied AI technologies are rapidly reshaping various facets of contemporary society, their inherent dynamic adaptability presents a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Georgios Bakirtzis , Andrea Aler Tubella , Andreas Theodorou , David Danks , Ufuk Topcu

Deep learning has transformed AI applications but faces critical security challenges, including adversarial attacks, data poisoning, model theft, and privacy leakage. This survey examines these vulnerabilities, detailing their mechanisms…

Risk-based AI regulation has become the dominant paradigm in AI governance, promising proportional controls aligned with anticipated harms. This paper argues that such frameworks often fail for structural reasons: they implicitly assume…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hugo Roger Paz

AI models are constantly evolving, with new versions released frequently. Human-AI interaction guidelines encourage notifying users about changes in model capabilities, ideally supported by thorough benchmarking. However, as AI systems…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Vikram Mohanty , Jude Lim , Kurt Luther

Context:With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and applications, numerous AI models have been developed, leading to the emergence of open-source model hosting platforms like Hugging Face (HF). Thanks to these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Hao Qin , Mingyang Li , Junjie Wang , Qing Wang

Predicting changes from scaling advanced AI systems is a desirable property for engineers, economists, governments and industry alike, and, while a well-established literature exists on how pretraining performance scales, predictable…

Large foundation models (LFMs) are claiming incredible performances. Yet great concerns have been raised about their mythic and uninterpreted potentials not only in machine learning, but also in various other disciplines. In this position…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Hao Chen , Bhiksha Raj , Xing Xie , Jindong Wang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century. The extent and scope of future AI capabilities remain a key uncertainty, with widespread disagreement on timelines and potential impacts. As…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Kyle A. Kilian , Christopher J. Ventura , Mark M. Bailey

The impact of frontier AI (i.e., AI agents and foundation models) in cybersecurity is rapidly increasing. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze this trend through multiple aspects: quantitative benchmarks, qualitative literature review,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yujin Potter , Wenbo Guo , Zhun Wang , Tianneng Shi , Hongwei Li , Andy Zhang , Patrick Gage Kelley , Kurt Thomas , Dawn Song

Frontier AI companies first deploy their most advanced models internally, for weeks or months of safety testing, evaluation, and iteration, before a possible public release. For example, Anthropic recently developed a new class of model…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Oscar Delaney , Sambhav Maheshwari , Joe O'Brien , Theo Bearman , Oliver Guest