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The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is the algorithm we use to train neural networks. However, it remains poorly understood how the SGD navigates the highly nonlinear and degenerate loss landscape of a neural network. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Liu Ziyin , Hongchao Li , Masahito Ueda

Recent experiments have shown that, often, when training a neural network with gradient descent (GD) with a step size $\eta$, the operator norm of the Hessian of the loss grows until it approximately reaches $2/\eta$, after which it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Philip M. Long , Peter L. Bartlett

Flat regions of the neural network loss landscape have long been hypothesized to correlate with better generalization properties. A closely related but distinct problem is training models that are robust to internal perturbations to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Philip Jacobson , Ben Feinberg , Suhas Kumar , Sapan Agarwal , T. Patrick Xiao , Christopher Bennett

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) is known to improve the generalization performance of neural networks. However, it is not widely used in real-world applications yet due to its expensive model perturbation cost. A few variants of SAM have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Sunwoo Lee

Theoretical analysis of the error landscape of deep neural networks has garnered significant interest in recent years. In this work, we theoretically study the importance of noise in the trajectories of gradient descent towards optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Adepu Ravi Sankar , Vishwak Srinivasan , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

The representation of functions by artificial neural networks depends on a large number of parameters in a non-linear fashion. Suitable parameters of these are found by minimizing a 'loss functional', typically by stochastic gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Stephan Wojtowytsch

Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) enhances performance across various neural architectures and datasets. As models are continually scaled up to improve performance, a rigorous understanding of SAM's scaling behaviour is paramount. To this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Moritz Haas , Jin Xu , Volkan Cevher , Leena Chennuru Vankadara

Neural networks are known to develop latent representations that are $aligned$, namely structurally similar across networks trained with different architectures, training protocols, or training datasets. We study this phenomenon in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-27 Ali Hussaini Umar , Alessandro Laio

We study the implicit bias of Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) when training $L$-layer linear diagonal networks on linearly separable binary classification. For linear models ($L=1$), both $\ell_\infty$- and $\ell_2$-SAM recover the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chaewon Moon , Dongkuk Si , Chulhee Yun

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has emerged as a promising alternative optimizer to stochastic gradient descent (SGD). The originally-proposed motivation behind SAM was to bias neural networks towards flatter minima that are believed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Jacob Mitchell Springer , Vaishnavh Nagarajan , Aditi Raghunathan

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) optimizer enhances the generalization ability of the machine learning model by exploring the flat minima landscape through weight perturbations. Despite its empirical success, SAM introduces an additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yifei Cheng , Li Shen , Hao Sun , Nan Yin , Xiaochun Cao , Enhong Chen

The Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) optimization algorithm has been shown to control large eigenvalues of the loss Hessian and provide generalization benefits in a variety of settings. The original motivation for SAM was a modified loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Atish Agarwala , Yann N. Dauphin

The recently proposed optimization algorithm for deep neural networks Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) suggests perturbing parameters before gradient calculation by a gradient ascent step to guide the optimization into parameter space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Marlon Becker , Frederick Altrock , Benjamin Risse

The discontinuous operations inherent in quantization and sparsification introduce a long-standing obstacle to backpropagation, particularly in ultra-low precision and sparse regimes. While the community has long viewed quantization as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Chengxi Ye , Grace Chu , Yanfeng Liu , Yichi Zhang , Lukasz Lew , Li Zhang , Mark Sandler , Andrew Howard

Adding noises to artificial neural network(ANN) has been shown to be able to improve robustness in previous work. In this work, we propose a new technique to compute the pathwise stochastic gradient estimate with respect to the standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Li Xiao , Zeliang Zhang , Yijie Peng

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) forms the core optimization method for deep neural networks. While some theoretical progress has been made, it still remains unclear why SGD leads the learning dynamics in overparameterized networks to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Mingwei Wei , David J Schwab

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has well documented merits in enhancing generalization of deep neural networks, even without sizable data augmentation. Embracing the geometry of the loss function, where neighborhoods of 'flat minima'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) was introduced to improve generalization by seeking flat minima, yet it also exhibits robustness to label noise, a phenomenon that remains only partially understood. Prior work has mainly attributed this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hoang-Chau Luong , Quang-Thuc Nguyen , Dat Ba Tran , Minh-Triet Tran

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) was recently introduced as a regularization procedure for training deep neural networks. It simultaneously minimizes the fitness (or loss) function and the so-called fitness sharpness. The latter serves as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Illya Bakurov , Nathan Haut , Wolfgang Banzhaf

Symmetries are prevalent in deep learning and can significantly influence the learning dynamics of neural networks. In this paper, we examine how exponential symmetries -- a broad subclass of continuous symmetries present in the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Liu Ziyin , Mingze Wang , Hongchao Li , Lei Wu