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Pretrained multilingual models exhibit the same social bias as models processing English texts. This systematic review analyzes emerging research that extends bias evaluation and mitigation approaches into multilingual and non-English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa , Yue Feng , Mark Lee

Clarivate's Web of Science (WoS) and Elsevier's Scopus have been for decades the main sources of bibliometric information. Although highly curated, these closed, proprietary databases are largely biased towards English-language…

Common designs of model evaluation typically focus on monolingual settings, where different models are compared according to their performance on a single data set that is assumed to be representative of all possible data for the task at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Zoey Liu , Emily Prud'hommeaux

Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) enables access to multilingual knowledge but remains challenging due to disparities in resources, scripts, and weak cross-lingual semantic alignment in embedding models. Existing pipelines often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Roksana Goworek , Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Eda B. Özyiğit

In this work we present a systematic empirical study focused on the suitability of the state-of-the-art multilingual encoders for cross-lingual document and sentence retrieval tasks across a number of diverse language pairs. We first treat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Robert Litschko , Ivan Vulić , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Goran Glavaš

Despite doubts on data quality, instruction synthesis has been widely applied into instruction tuning (IT) of LLMs as an economic and rapid alternative. Recent endeavors focus on improving data quality for synthesized instruction pairs in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yilun Liu , Chunguang Zhao , Xinhua Yang , Hongyong Zeng , Shimin Tao , Weibin Meng , Minggui He , Yan Yu , Hongxia Ma , Li Zhang , Daimeng Wei , Boxing Chen

The increasing amount of research data provides the opportunity to link and integrate data to create novel hypotheses, to repeat experiments or to compare recent data to data collected at a different time or place. However, recent studies…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Felicitas Löffler , Valentin Wesp , Birgitta König-Ries , Friederike Klan

Much recent progress in applications of machine learning models to NLP has been driven by benchmarks that evaluate models across a wide variety of tasks. However, these broad-coverage benchmarks have been mostly limited to English, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Junjie Hu , Sebastian Ruder , Aditya Siddhant , Graham Neubig , Orhan Firat , Melvin Johnson

English Wikipedia has long been an important data source for much research and natural language machine learning modeling. The growth of non-English language editions of Wikipedia, greater computational resources, and calls for equity in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Isaac Johnson , Emily Lescak

Previous work suggests that performance of cross-lingual information retrieval correlates highly with the quality of Machine Translation. However, there may be a threshold beyond which improving query translation quality yields little or no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Bryan Zhang , Amita Misra

OpenAlex, launched in 2022 as a fully open scholarly data source, promises greater inclusiveness compared to traditional proprietary databases. This study evaluates whether OpenAlex delivers on that promise by examining its coverage and…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Lin Zhang , Zhe Cao , Jianhua Liu , Nees Jan van Eck

Language is a major source of systemic inequities in science, particularly among scholars whose first language is not English. Studies have examined scientists' linguistic practices in specific contexts; few, however, have provided a global…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Carolina Pradier , Lucía Céspedes , Vincent Larivière

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the linguistic diversity of LLM safety research, highlighting the English-centric nature of the field. Through a systematic review of nearly 300 publications from 2020--2024 across major NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zheng-Xin Yong , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Stephen H. Bach , Julia Kreutzer

Multilingual topic models enable document analysis across languages through coherent multilingual summaries of the data. However, there is no standard and effective metric to evaluate the quality of multilingual topics. We introduce a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Shudong Hao , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Michael J. Paul

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across various tasks, they exhibit significant performance discrepancies across languages. While prompting LLMs in English typically yields the highest general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andrew Ivan Soegeng , Patrick Sutanto , Tan Sang Nguyen

Wikipedia serves as a globally accessible knowledge source with content in over 300 languages. Despite covering the same topics, the different versions of Wikipedia are written and updated independently. This leads to factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Silvia Cappa , Lingxiao Kong , Pille-Riin Peet , Fanfu Wei , Yuchen Zhou , Jan-Christoph Kalo

Multilingual Retrieval-Augmented Generation (mRAG) systems enable language models to answer knowledge-intensive queries with citation-supported responses across languages. While such systems have been proposed, an open questions is whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Dayeon Ki , Marine Carpuat , Paul McNamee , Daniel Khashabi , Eugene Yang , Dawn Lawrie , Kevin Duh

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are now capable of producing fluent and coherent content in languages other than English, it is not imperative to precisely evaluate these non-English outputs. However, when assessing the outputs from…

Cross-lingual retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a critical capability for retrieving and generating answers across languages. Prior work in this context has mostly focused on generation and relied on benchmarks derived from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Chen Amiraz , Yaroslav Fyodorov , Elad Haramaty , Zohar Karnin , Liane Lewin-Eytan

Misinformation and disinformation are growing threats in the digital age, affecting people across languages and borders. However, no research has investigated the prevalence of multilingual misinformation and quantified the extent to which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Dorian Quelle , Calvin Cheng , Alexandre Bovet , Scott A. Hale