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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLM) classification performance depends critically on evaluation protocol and ground truth quality. Studies comparing MLLMs with supervised and vision-language models report conflicting conclusions, and we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nikita Kisel , Illia Volkov , Klara Janouskova , Jiri Matas

In the rapidly evolving field of Explainable Natural Language Processing (NLP), textual explanations, i.e., human-like rationales, are pivotal for explaining model predictions and enriching datasets with interpretable labels. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mahdi Dhaini , Juraj Vladika , Ege Erdogan , Zineb Attaoui , Gjergji Kasneci

This work describes a self-supervised data augmentation approach used to improve learning models' performances when only a moderate amount of labeled data is available. Multiple copies of the original model are initially trained on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Gabriele Sarti

Manual annotation of bounding boxes for object detection in digital images is tedious, and time and resource consuming. In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic method for efficient bounding box annotation. The method trains the object…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Bishwo Adhikari , Heikki Huttunen

Recent studies emphasize the need of document context in human evaluation of machine translations, but little research has been done on the impact of user interfaces on annotator productivity and the reliability of assessments. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Roman Grundkiewicz , Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt , Christian Federmann , Tom Kocmi

Human annotation is central to NLP evaluation, yet subjective tasks often exhibit substantial variability across annotators. While large language models (LLMs) can provide structured reasoning to support annotation, their influence on human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Smitha Muthya Sudheendra , Jaideep Srivastava

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown promise in a broad range of vision-language tasks with their strong reasoning and generalization capabilities. However, they heavily depend on high-quality data in the Supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Jing Hao , Yuxiang Zhao , Song Chen , Yanpeng Sun , Qiang Chen , Gang Zhang , Kun Yao , Errui Ding , Jingdong Wang

In dynamic open-world environments, autonomous agents often encounter novelties that hinder their ability to find plans to achieve their goals. Specifically, traditional symbolic planners fail to generate plans when the robot's planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Hong Lu , Pierrick Lorang , Timothy R. Duggan , Jivko Sinapov , Matthias Scheutz

Low-resource languages face significant barriers in AI development due to limited linguistic resources and expertise for data labeling, rendering them rare and costly. The scarcity of data and the absence of preexisting tools exacerbate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nataliia Kholodna , Sahib Julka , Mohammad Khodadadi , Muhammed Nurullah Gumus , Michael Granitzer

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating discourse annotation for conversations. While manually designing tree annotation schemes significantly improves annotation quality for humans and models, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Kseniia Petukhova , Ekaterina Kochmar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to annotate learning interactions, yet concerns about reliability limit their utility. We test whether verification-oriented orchestration-prompting models to check their own labels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Jinsook Lee , Zhuqian Zhou , Doug Pietrzak , Rene F. Kizilcec

Eye-tracking data reveals valuable insights into users' cognitive states but is difficult to analyze due to its structured, non-linguistic nature. While large language models (LLMs) excel at reasoning over text, they struggle with temporal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Dongyang Guo , Yasmeen Abdrabou , Enkeleda Thaqi , Enkelejda Kasneci

A lot of real-world phenomena are complex and cannot be captured by single task annotations. This causes a need for subsequent annotations, with interdependent questions and answers describing the nature of the subject at hand. Even in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Moritz Wolf , Dana Ruiter , Ashwin Geet D'Sa , Liane Reiners , Jan Alexandersson , Dietrich Klakow

Human evaluation of machine translation is in an arms race with translation model quality: as our models get better, our evaluation methods need to be improved to ensure that quality gains are not lost in evaluation noise. To this end, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Parker Riley , Daniel Deutsch , Mara Finkelstein , Colten DiIanni , Juraj Juraska , Markus Freitag

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are flourishing, but mainly focus on images with less attention than videos, especially in sub-fields such as prompt engineering, video chain-of-thought (CoT), and instruction tuning on videos.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yan Wang , Yawen Zeng , Jingsheng Zheng , Xiaofen Xing , Jin Xu , Xiangmin Xu

Recent breakthroughs in large multimodal models (LMMs) have significantly advanced both text-to-image (T2I) generation and image-to-text (I2T) interpretation. However, many generated images still suffer from issues related to perceptual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Jiarui Wang , Huiyu Duan , Yu Zhao , Juntong Wang , Guangtao Zhai , Xiongkuo Min

Manual annotation remains the gold standard for high-quality, dense temporal video datasets, yet it is inherently time-consuming. Vision-language models can aid human annotators and expedite this process. We report on the impact of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Juan Gutiérrez , Victor Gutiérrez , Ángel Mora , Silvia Rodriguez , José Luis Blanco

While large language models (LLMs) have proven effective in leveraging textual data for recommendations, their application to multimodal recommendation tasks remains relatively underexplored. Although LLMs can process multimodal information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Chen Zhang , Bo Hu , Weidong Chen , Zhendong Mao

Aligning large language models (LLMs) to human preferences is a crucial step in building helpful and safe AI tools, which usually involve training on supervised datasets. Popular algorithms such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Honggen Zhang , Xufeng Zhao , Igor Molybog , June Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as a powerful backbone for recommender systems. Existing LLM-based recommender systems take two different approaches for representing items in natural language, i.e., Attribute-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Kibum Kim , Sein Kim , Hongseok Kang , Jiwan Kim , Heewoong Noh , Yeonjun In , Kanghoon Yoon , Jinoh Oh , Julian McAuley , Chanyoung Park