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Advances in Earth observation (EO) foundation models have unlocked the potential of big satellite data to learn generic representations from space, benefiting a wide range of downstream applications crucial to our planet. However, most…

Earth observation (EO) in open-world settings presents a unique challenge: different applications rely on diverse sensor modalities, each with varying ground sampling distances, spectral ranges, and numbers of spectral bands. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Zhitong Xiong , Yi Wang , Fahong Zhang , Adam J. Stewart , Joëlle Hanna , Damian Borth , Ioannis Papoutsis , Bertrand Le Saux , Gustau Camps-Valls , Xiao Xiang Zhu

Modern Earth observation (EO) increasingly leverages deep learning to harness the scale and diversity of satellite imagery across sensors and regions. While recent foundation models have demonstrated promising generalization across EO…

Earth Observation Foundation Models (EOFMs) have exploded in prevalence as tools for processing the massive volumes of remotely sensed and other earth observation data, and for delivering impact on the many essential earth monitoring tasks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ryan P. Demilt , Nicholas LaHaye , Karis Tenneson

Optical satellites, with their diverse band layouts and ground sampling distances, supply indispensable evidence for tasks ranging from ecosystem surveillance to emergency response. However, significant discrepancies in band composition and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Xuyang Li , Chenyu Li , Danfeng Hong

Earth observation (EO) foundation models have emerged as an effective approach to derive latent representations of the Earth system from various remote sensing sensors. These models produce embeddings that can be used as analysis-ready…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Julia Peters , Karin Mora , Miguel D. Mahecha , Chaonan Ji , David Montero , Clemens Mosig , Guido Kraemer

Advancements in technology and reduction in it's cost have led to a substantial growth in the quality & quantity of imagery captured by Earth Observation (EO) satellites. This has presented a challenge to the efficacy of the traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aidan Duggan , Bruno Andrade , Haithem Afli

Earth observation offers new insight into anthropogenic changes to nature, and how these changes are effecting (and are effected by) the built environment and the real economy. With the global availability of medium-resolution (10-30m)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Lucas Kruitwagen

Remote Sensing (RS) is a crucial technology for observing, monitoring, and interpreting our planet, with broad applications across geoscience, economics, humanitarian fields, etc. While artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Aoran Xiao , Weihao Xuan , Junjue Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Dacheng Tao , Shijian Lu , Naoto Yokoya

Recent progress in self-supervision has shown that pre-training large neural networks on vast amounts of unsupervised data can lead to substantial increases in generalization to downstream tasks. Such models, recently coined foundation…

Earth observation (EO) data spans a wide range of spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions, from high-resolution optical imagery to low resolution multispectral products or radar time series. While recent foundation models have improved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Nicolas Houdré , Diego Marcos , Hugo Riffaud de Turckheim , Dino Ienco , Laurent Wendling , Camille Kurtz , Sylvain Lobry

When we are primarily interested in solving several problems jointly with a given prescribed high performance accuracy for each target application, then Foundation Models should for most cases be used rather than problem-specific models. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Nikolaos Dionelis , Casper Fibaek , Luke Camilleri , Andreas Luyts , Jente Bosmans , Bertrand Le Saux

The rapid expansion of multi-source satellite imagery drives innovation in Earth observation, opening unprecedented opportunities for Remote Sensing Foundation Models to harness diverse data. However, many existing models remain constrained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Xuyang Li , Chenyu Li , Pedram Ghamisi , Danfeng Hong

Geospatial Foundation Models (GeoFMs) are transforming Earth Observation (EO), but evaluation lacks standardized protocols. GEO-Bench-2 addresses this with a comprehensive framework spanning classification, segmentation, regression, object…

State-of-the-art generative image and video models rely heavily on tokenizers that compress high-dimensional inputs into more efficient latent representations. While this paradigm has revolutionized RGB generation, Earth observation (EO)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Nils Lehmann , Yi Wang , Zhitong Xiong , Xiaoxiang Zhu

Learning-based monocular visual odometry (VO) poses robustness, generalization, and efficiency challenges in robotics. Recent advances in visual foundation models, such as DINOv2, have improved robustness and generalization in various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Maulana Bisyir Azhari , David Hyunchul Shim

Massive amounts of unlabelled data are captured by Earth Observation (EO) satellites, with the Sentinel-2 constellation generating 1.6 TB of data daily. This makes Remote Sensing a data-rich domain well suited to Machine Learning (ML)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Casper Fibaek , Luke Camilleri , Andreas Luyts , Nikolaos Dionelis , Bertrand Le Saux

Multi-modal co-learning is emerging as an effective paradigm in machine learning, enabling models to collaboratively learn from different modalities to enhance single-modality predictions. Earth Observation (EO) represents a quintessential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Francisco Mena , Dino Ienco , Cassio F. Dantas , Roberto Interdonato , Andreas Dengel

The diversity and complementarity of sensors available for Earth Observations (EO) calls for developing bespoke self-supervised multimodal learning approaches. However, current multimodal EO datasets and models typically focus on a single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Guillaume Astruc , Nicolas Gonthier , Clement Mallet , Loic Landrieu

This paper presents Prithvi-EO-2.0, a new geospatial foundation model that offers significant improvements over its predecessor, Prithvi-EO-1.0. Trained on 4.2 million global time series samples from NASA's Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2…

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