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Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are a type of statistical model designed to handle sequential data. The model reads a sequence one symbol at a time. Each symbol is processed based on information collected from the previous symbols. With…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-18 Jared Ostmeyer , Lindsay Cowell

Recurrent neural networks are widely used in speech and language processing. Due to dependency on the past, standard algorithms for training these models, such as back-propagation through time (BPTT), cannot be efficiently parallelised.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-07 Zhengxiong Wang , Anton Ragni

Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) has emerged as a promising alternative to classical methods for predicting dynamical systems, offering faster and more generalizable solutions. However, existing models, including recurrent neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zheyuan Hu , Nazanin Ahmadi Daryakenari , Qianli Shen , Kenji Kawaguchi , George Em Karniadakis

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in integrating linear state-space models (SSM) in deep neural network architectures of foundation models. This is exemplified by the recent success of Mamba, showing better performance than…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Carmen Amo Alonso , Jerome Sieber , Melanie N. Zeilinger

Transformers are the cornerstone of modern large language models, but their quadratic computational complexity limits efficiency in long-sequence processing. Recent advancements in Mamba, a state space model (SSM) with linear complexity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yixing Li , Ruobing Xie , Zhen Yang , Xingwu Sun , Shuaipeng Li , Weidong Han , Zhanhui Kang , Yu Cheng , Chengzhong Xu , Di Wang , Jie Jiang

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) laid the foundation for sequence modeling, but their intrinsic sequential nature restricts parallel computation, creating a fundamental barrier to scaling. This has led to the dominance of parallelizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Federico Danieli , Pau Rodriguez , Miguel Sarabia , Xavier Suau , Luca Zappella

Deep sequence models, ranging from Transformers and State Space Models (SSMs) to more recent approaches such as gated linear RNNs, fundamentally compute outputs as linear combinations of past value vectors. To draw insights and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jerome Sieber , Antonio Orvieto , Melanie N. Zeilinger , Carmen Amo Alonso

U-shaped architectures have long dominated the field of medical image segmentation, while Transformers are widely employed for modeling long-range dependencies. The former typically handles scale variations implicitly by aggregating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yanhua Zhang , Ke Zhang , Jingyu Wang , Gabriella Balestra , Samanta Rosati , Yulin Wu , Wuwei Wang , Valentina Giannini

The attention mechanism in Transformers is an important primitive for accurate and scalable sequence modeling. Its quadratic-compute and linear-memory complexity however remain significant bottlenecks. Linear attention and state-space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Han Guo , Songlin Yang , Tarushii Goel , Eric P. Xing , Tri Dao , Yoon Kim

In this paper, we study novel neural network structures to better model long term dependency in sequential data. We propose to use more memory units to keep track of more preceding states in recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which are all…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Rohollah Soltani , Hui Jiang

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in combination with a pooling operator and the neighbourhood components analysis (NCA) objective function are able to detect the characterizing dynamics of sequences and embed them into a fixed-length vector…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-08-23 Justin Bayer , Christian Osendorfer , Patrick van der Smagt

State Space Models (SSMs)-most notably RNNs-have historically played a central role in sequential modeling. Although attention mechanisms such as Transformers have since dominated due to their ability to model global context, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Hyun-kyu Ko , Youbin Kim , Jihyeon Park , Dongheok Park , Gyeongjin Kang , Wonjun Cho , Hyung Yi , Eunbyung Park

Balancing fine-grained local modeling with long-range dependency capture under computational constraints remains a central challenge in sequence modeling. While Transformers provide strong token mixing, they suffer from quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Youjin Wang , Jiaqiao Zhao , Rong Fu , Run Zhou , Ruizhe Zhang , Jiani Liang , Suisuai Cao , Feng Zhou

Recent efficient sequence modeling methods such as Gated DeltaNet, TTT, and RWKV-7 have achieved performance improvements by supervising the recurrent memory management through Delta learning rule. Unlike previous state-space models (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Jiaxi Hu , Yongqi Pan , Jusen Du , Disen Lan , Xiaqiang Tang , Qingsong Wen , Yuxuan Liang , Weigao Sun

Linear recurrent neural networks, such as State Space Models (SSMs) and Linear Recurrent Units (LRUs), have recently shown state-of-the-art performance on long sequence modelling benchmarks. Despite their success, their empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Kai Biegun , Rares Dolga , Jake Cunningham , David Barber

Transformers have become one of the foundational architectures in point cloud analysis tasks due to their excellent global modeling ability. However, the attention mechanism has quadratic complexity, making the design of a linear complexity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Dingkang Liang , Xin Zhou , Wei Xu , Xingkui Zhu , Zhikang Zou , Xiaoqing Ye , Xiao Tan , Xiang Bai

To be effective in sequential data processing, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are required to keep track of past events by creating memories. While the relation between memories and the network's hidden state dynamics was established over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Doron Haviv , Alexander Rivkind , Omri Barak

Recurrent Neural Networks have long been the dominating choice for sequence modeling. However, it severely suffers from two issues: impotent in capturing very long-term dependencies and unable to parallelize the sequential computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-15 Zhiwei Wang , Yao Ma , Zitao Liu , Jiliang Tang

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), temporal convolutions, and neural differential equations (NDEs) are popular families of deep learning models for time-series data, each with unique strengths and tradeoffs in modeling power and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Albert Gu , Isys Johnson , Karan Goel , Khaled Saab , Tri Dao , Atri Rudra , Christopher Ré

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been proven to be effective in modeling sequential data and they have been applied to boost a variety of tasks such as document classification, speech recognition and machine translation. Most of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Zhiwei Wang , Yao Ma , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang