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Prototypical part networks offer interpretable alternatives to black-box deep learning models by learning visual prototypes for classification. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of prototype formulations, comparing point-based and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Maximilian Xiling Li , Korbinian Franz Rudolf , Paul Mattes , Nils Blank , Rudolf Lioutikov

Interpreting and explaining the behavior of deep neural networks is critical for many tasks. Explainable AI provides a way to address this challenge, mostly by providing per-pixel relevance to the decision. Yet, interpreting such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li , Yuta Nakashima , Hajime Nagahara

The widespread use of deep neural networks has achieved substantial success in many tasks. However, there still exists a huge gap between the operating mechanism of deep learning models and human-understandable decision making, so that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Xiaowei Zhou , Jie Yin , Ivor Tsang , Chen Wang

When we deploy machine learning models in high-stakes medical settings, we must ensure these models make accurate predictions that are consistent with known medical science. Inherently interpretable networks address this need by explaining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Alina Jade Barnett , Fides Regina Schwartz , Chaofan Tao , Chaofan Chen , Yinhao Ren , Joseph Y. Lo , Cynthia Rudin

Collaborative reasoning for understanding image-question pairs is a very critical but underexplored topic in interpretable visual question answering systems. Although very recent studies have attempted to use explicit compositional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Qingxing Cao , Bailin Li , Xiaodan Liang , Liang Lin

Detecting semantic parts of an object is a challenging task in computer vision, particularly because it is hard to construct large annotated datasets due to the difficulty of annotating semantic parts. In this paper we present an approach…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Yutong Bai , Qing Liu , Lingxi Xie , Weichao Qiu , Yan Zheng , Alan Yuille

We combine concept-based neural networks with generative, flow-based classifiers into a novel, intrinsically explainable, exactly invertible approach to supervised learning. Prototypical neural networks, a type of concept-based neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Zachariah Carmichael , Timothy Redgrave , Daniel Gonzalez Cedre , Walter J. Scheirer

Part-prototype Networks (ProtoPNets) are concept-based classifiers designed to achieve the same performance as black-box models without compromising transparency. ProtoPNets compute predictions based on similarity to class-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Andrea Bontempelli , Stefano Teso , Katya Tentori , Fausto Giunchiglia , Andrea Passerini

Model interpretability is a requirement in many applications in which crucial decisions are made by users relying on a model's outputs. The recent movement for "algorithmic fairness" also stipulates explainability, and therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Xuan Liu , Xiaoguang Wang , Stan Matwin

We describe a computational model of humans' ability to provide a detailed interpretation of components in a scene. Humans can identify in an image meaningful components almost everywhere, and identifying these components is an essential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Guy Ben-Yosef , Liav Assif , Daniel Harari , Shimon Ullman

Part-based representations have been shown to be very useful for image classification. Learning part-based models is often viewed as a two-stage problem. First, a collection of informative parts is discovered, using heuristics that promote…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-14 Sobhan Naderi Parizi , Andrea Vedaldi , Andrew Zisserman , Pedro Felzenszwalb

Prototype learning, a popular machine learning method designed for inherently interpretable decisions, leverages similarities to learned prototypes for classifying new data. While it is mainly applied in computer vision, in this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Claudio Fanconi , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Severin Husmann , Julia E. Vogt

In the context of image classification, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first embed images into a set of human-understandable concepts, followed by an intrinsically interpretable classifier that predicts labels based on these intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Haifei Zhang , Patrick Barry , Eduardo Brandao

Recent applications of deep convolutional neural networks in medical imaging raise concerns about their interpretability. While most explainable deep learning applications use post hoc methods (such as GradCAM) to generate feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Yuanyuan Wei , Roger Tam , Xiaoying Tang

Interpretability is critical for machine learning models in high-stakes settings because it allows users to verify the model's reasoning. In computer vision, prototypical part models (ProtoPNets) have become the dominant model type to meet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jon Donnelly , Zhicheng Guo , Alina Jade Barnett , Hayden McTavish , Chaofan Chen , Cynthia Rudin

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a wide array of tasks, but they are usually considered opaque since internal structure and learned parameters are not interpretable. In this paper, we re-examine the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-21 Yinpeng Dong , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Fan Bao

Interpreting the decisions of complex computer vision models is crucial to establish trust and accountability, especially in safety-critical domains. An established approach to interpretability is generating visual attribution maps that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 David Schinagl , Christian Fruhwirth-Reisinger , Alexander Prutsch , Samuel Schulter , Horst Possegger

We propose Recognition as Part Composition (RPC), an image encoding approach inspired by human cognition. It is based on the cognitive theory that humans recognize complex objects by components, and that they build a small compact…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Samarth Mishra , Pengkai Zhu , Venkatesh Saligrama

To tackle interpretability in deep learning, we present a novel framework to jointly learn a predictive model and its associated interpretation model. The interpreter provides both local and global interpretability about the predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Jayneel Parekh , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc

Medical image classification is a critical problem for healthcare, with the potential to alleviate the workload of doctors and facilitate diagnoses of patients. However, two challenges arise when deploying deep learning models to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 An Yan , Yu Wang , Yiwu Zhong , Zexue He , Petros Karypis , Zihan Wang , Chengyu Dong , Amilcare Gentili , Chun-Nan Hsu , Jingbo Shang , Julian McAuley