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Inverse problems constrained by partial differential equations (PDEs) play a critical role in model development and calibration. In many applications, there are multiple uncertain parameters in a model that must be estimated. However, high…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-10-27 Joseph Hart , Bart van Bloemen Waanders

This paper introduces tools for assessing the sensitivity, to unobserved confounding, of a common estimator of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome that employs weights: the weighted linear regression of the outcome on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-06 Leonard Wainstein , Chad Hazlett

Encountering shifted data at test time is a ubiquitous challenge when deploying predictive models. Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods address this issue by continuously adapting a deployed model using only unlabeled test data. While TTA can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mona Schirmer , Metod Jazbec , Christian A. Naesseth , Eric Nalisnick

Propensity score weighting is a common method for estimating treatment effects with survey data. The method is applied to minimize confounding using measured covariates that are often different between individuals in treatment and control.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-06 Yukang Zeng , Fan Li , Guangyu Tong

While multiple testing procedures have been the focus of much statistical research, an important facet of the problem is how to deal with possible confounding. Procedures have been developed by authors in genetics and statistics. In this…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-12-18 Debashis Ghosh

Consider sensitivity analysis to assess the worst-case possible values of counterfactual outcome means and average treatment effects under sequential unmeasured confounding in a longitudinal study with time-varying treatments and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-31 Zhiqiang Tan

The use of simulation-based sensitivity analyses is fundamental to evaluate and compare candidate designs for future clinical trials. In this context, sensitivity analyses are especially useful to assess the dependence of important design…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-09 Larry Han , Andrea Arfe , Lorenzo Trippa

The multivariate version of the Mixed Tempered Stable is proposed. It is a generalization of the Normal Variance Mean Mixtures. Characteristics of this new distribution and its capacity in fitting tails and capturing dependence structure…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2016-10-04 Asmerilda Hitaj , Friedrich Hubalek , Lorenzo Mercuri , Edit Rroji

When using multiple imputation (MI) for missing data, maintaining compatibility between the imputation model and substantive analysis is important for avoiding bias. For example, some causal inference methods incorporate an outcome model…

Understanding effect modification -- how treatment effects vary across subpopulations -- is practically important in observational studies, as it helps identify which subgroups are likely to benefit from a given treatment. In this paper, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Yu Gui , Dylan S Small , Zhimei Ren

When drawing causal inference from observational data, there is always concern about unmeasured confounding. One way to tackle this is to conduct a sensitivity analysis. One widely-used sensitivity analysis framework hypothesizes the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-22 Bo Zhang , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

Many modern causal questions ask how treatments affect complex outcomes that are measured using wearable devices and sensors. Current analysis approaches require summarizing these data into scalar statistics (e.g., the mean), but these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Srikar Katta , Harsh Parikh , Cynthia Rudin , Alexander Volfovsky

Survival outcomes are common in comparative effectiveness studies and require unique handling because they are usually incompletely observed due to right-censoring. A ``once for all'' approach for causal inference with survival outcomes…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-21 Shuxi Zeng , Fan Li , Liangyuan Hu , Fan Li

In matched observational studies with continuous treatments, individuals with different treatment doses but the same or similar covariate values are paired for causal inference. While inexact covariate matching (i.e., covariate imbalance…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-13 Anthony Frazier , Siyu Heng , Wen Zhou

This article introduces a new condition based on odds ratios for sensitivity analysis. The analysis involves the average effect of a treatment or exposure on a response or outcome with estimates adjusted for and conditional on a single,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-11 Brian Knaeble , Julian Chan

When individuals participating in a randomized trial differ with respect to the distribution of effect modifiers compared compared with the target population where the trial results will be used, treatment effect estimates from the trial…

The attributable fraction among the exposed (\textbf{AF}$_e$), also known as the attributable risk or excess fraction among the exposed, is the proportion of disease cases among the exposed that could be avoided by eliminating the exposure.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-30 Kan Chen , Jing Cheng , M. Elizabeth Halloran , Dylan S. Small

Weak signal identification and inference are very important in the area of penalized model selection, yet they are under-developed and not well-studied. Existing inference procedures for penalized estimators are mainly focused on strong…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-16 Peibei Shi , Annie Qu

Fitting mixed models to complex survey data is a challenging problem. Most methods in the literature, including the most widely used one, require a close relationship between the model structure and the survey design. In this paper we…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-23 Thomas Lumley , Xudong Huang

The abundance of data produced daily from large variety of sources has boosted the need of novel approaches on causal inference analysis from observational data. Observational data often contain noisy or missing entries. Moreover, causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-14 Fani Tsapeli , Peter Tino , Mirco Musolesi